Exam (elaborations)
VBSC 421 Final Exam.
- Course
- Institution
VBSC 421 Final Exam.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
modockochieng06
Content preview
VBSC 421 Final ExamGanglia: - ANS-Clusters of nerve cells (singular = ganglion)
Reflex: - ANS-an involuntary and nearly immediate response to astimulus (the brain not
involved)
2 parts of Nervous System - ANS-Central (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)
Central (CNS) - ANS-- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral (PNS) - ANS-- nerves outside the CNS
General functions of the nervous system - ANS-Receives stimuli from 1 or more
receptors (afferent)
Transmits information to effectors (efferent)
Mechanical - muscle action
Chemical - glandular secretions
Integration (processing) of incoming and outgoing information with stored information
(memory)
Mechanical V.s Chemical - ANS-- muscle action vs - glandular secretions
Astrocytes - ANS-- nutrient support
Microglial - ANS-- protective(immunologic) support
Oligodendroglia (Schwann cells) - ANS-- insulation of axon
Ependymal - ANS-- line central canal of spinal cord/brain
Neurons - ANS-Structural and functional unit of nervous system
Specialized for long distance transmission of electrical stimuli
Collection of CellBodies
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Nucleus
Ganglion
,Collection of Axons
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Tract
Nerve
Myelin-forming cells
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Oligodendroglial cells
Schwann cells
Perikaryon - ANS-- cell body
Contains nucleus
Other organelles
Nerve fibers (neurites) - ANS-Dendrites
Axon
Dendrites - ANS-- sensory input
one or many
Axon - ANS-- exiting signal from neuron
only one
Axon fibers - ANS-Myelinated
Non-myelinated
Transmission of sensory Information - ANS-Myelination increases speed of conduction
Oligodendroglial (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
Nerve impulses - travel in plasma membrane
Graded potential -proportional to stimulus
Action potentials - "all or nothing"
Synaptic transmission is(usually) chemical
Release of stored neurotransmitter
Re-uptake of transmitter
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters - ANS-Acetylcholine
Epinephrine or Norepinephrine
, Serotonin
Synapses - ANS-Allow nerves to function as different processing groups
Without synapses, if nerves had direct contact with one another, firing of one would
cause all others to fire
Neurosecretory Cells - ANS-Secretions released into blood
Endocrine function
Somatic nerves (PNS) - ANS-Innervate somatic tissues (muscle, skin, or their
derivatives)
Spinal reflex arc - voluntary/involuntary control
Visceral nerves (Autonomic Nervous System) (PNS) - ANS-Innervates visceral organs
(smooth muscle, glands)
Visceral reflex arc - involuntary control
General vs. Special nerves - distribution (PNS) - ANS-Special nerves typically
associated with senses and cranial nerves
Afferent vs. Efferent - ANS-(sensory) vs (motor)
Dorsal root - ANS-- typically afferent (sensory) fibers
Ventral root - ANS-- typically efferent (motor) fibers
Ganglia parts - ANS-Dorsal root
Sympathetic chain
Collateral
Visceral
Spinal Reflexes events - ANS--A sensory impulse is generated from the stimulus
Afferent (arriving) sensory impulses synapse within dorsal horn of spinal cord (note:
dorsal roots RECEIVE)
Same side (typically)
Opposite side
Higher level or brain
Ventral neurons receive impulses
Transmit impulses to the motor neurons (note: ventral roots effect)
Example: stepping on a nail
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller modockochieng06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80461 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now