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Summary BIOMG 1350 – Final Exam Terms review
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BIOMG 1350 – Final Exam Terms reviewbicoid **** these genes encode cytoplasmic determinants in the anterior tip of the
embryo
syncytial blastoderm **** the stage of embryonic development during which bicoid
expression is significantly reduced
syncytial blastoderm **** stage of embryonic development in which nuclei move to the
periphery of the cell, forming a single layer, with each nuclei barely separated from its
neighbors
cellular blastoderm **** stage of embryonic development after cellularization and
before gastrulation
bicoid **** encodes a transcriptional activator that functions as a cytoplasmic
determinant and acts as a morphogen gradient
pair-rule **** mutations of these genes result in every other segment being missing
segment polarity **** mutations of these genes result in missing half-segments or
segments that are duplicated in reverse polarity
pair-rule **** genes expressed in seven stripes
segment polarity **** genes expressed in a pattern of fourteen stripes
gap **** genes expressed in broad bands with each gene having a unique pattern
gap **** genes that respond to the gradients of bicoid and nano by becoming activated
in broad and overlapping regions of the syncytial blast
enhancer modules **** contain combinations of enhancers that serve as binding sites
for transcription factors encoded by other patterning genes
gap and pair-rule **** these genes utilize a system of combinatorial action to direct
gene expression
segment-polarity **** these genes cannot utilize combinatorial action due to
cellularization
,true **** True or False: the transcriptional cascade of the segmentation genes leads to
the specification of size, number, and segment polarity.
false **** True or False: the transcriptional cascade of the segmentation genes helps
to specify the identity of the segments
homeotic selector genes **** genes that play a central role in specifying the identity of
the segments
homeobox **** the common DNA sequence element found in all homeotic selector
genes
homeodomain **** the protein sequence encoded by the homeobox; binds to DNA in a
sequence-specific way
true **** True or False: the proteins of the homeotic genes localize to the nucleus
false **** True or False: proteins, not genes, are the transcriptional regulators
homeotic selector genes **** genes activated by the combined action of the
segmentation genes
homeotic and segment polarity **** these two classes of the genes remain on during
the life of the fly
epigenetic inheritance **** the primary mode of maintaining patterns of homeotic
selector genes, given that egg-polarity, gap, and pair-rule genes are only transiently
active
Hox **** gene group associated with the homeobox
Hox **** all the order of these genes along the chromosome is conserved, some
organisms possess duplicates
developmental genetics **** the study of mutants
50% **** this percentage of genes in worms, flies, or fish are also present in humans
and carry out similar functions
fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis **** the major events of
embryogenesis
23 **** the number of chromosomes in a gamete
46 **** the number of chromosomes in a zygote
, reductional division **** another name for meiosis 1
equatorial division **** another name for meiosis 2
meiosis 2 **** the round of meiosis most similar to mitosis
fertilization **** this stage of embryogenesis creates a unique diploid individual and
initiates embryogenesis by activating the egg
G1, G2 **** If the cell is cleaving without cell growth, what parts of the cell cycle are
missing?
blastomeres **** another name for cleaving cells
blastula **** the embryo after cleavage
mesoderm **** these cells give rise to bone tissue, red blood cells, facial muscle etc.
endoderm **** these cells give rise to the digestive tube, pharynx, and respiratory tube
ectoderm **** these cells give rise to skin, neurons, and pigment cells
false **** True or False: germ cells arise from the mesoderm
neurulation **** this event forms the neural tube
411 **** number of cell types in humans
cell signaling, asymmetric division, and morphogen gradients **** three developmental
events that lead to differential gene expression
morphogenesis **** How do cells organize into tissues and organs?
stem cells **** How do cells maintain tissues and organs?
false **** True or False: fate mapping at later stages of embryonic development are
less accurate
determination **** cells become committed irreversibly to a particular developmental
fate
differentiation **** the process of expressing cell-type specific characters
true **** True or False: cells are generally determined before being differentiated
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