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VBSC 421 Final Exam.
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VBSC 421 Final Exam.
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VBSC 421 Final ExamGanglia: - ANS-Clusters of nerve cells (singular = ganglion)
Reflex: - ANS-an involuntary and nearly immediate response to astimulus (the brain not
involved)
2 parts of Nervous System - ANS-Central (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)
Central (CNS) - ANS-- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral (PNS) - ANS-- nerves outside the CNS
General functions of the nervous system - ANS-Receives stimuli from 1 or more
receptors (afferent)
Transmits information to effectors (efferent)
Mechanical - muscle action
Chemical - glandular secretions
Integration (processing) of incoming and outgoing information with stored information
(memory)
Mechanical V.s Chemical - ANS-- muscle action vs - glandular secretions
Astrocytes - ANS-- nutrient support
Microglial - ANS-- protective(immunologic) support
Oligodendroglia (Schwann cells) - ANS-- insulation of axon
Ependymal - ANS-- line central canal of spinal cord/brain
Neurons - ANS-Structural and functional unit of nervous system
Specialized for long distance transmission of electrical stimuli
Collection of CellBodies
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Nucleus
Ganglion
,Collection of Axons
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Tract
Nerve
Myelin-forming cells
CNS:
PNS: - ANS-Oligodendroglial cells
Schwann cells
Perikaryon - ANS-- cell body
Contains nucleus
Other organelles
Nerve fibers (neurites) - ANS-Dendrites
Axon
Dendrites - ANS-- sensory input
one or many
Axon - ANS-- exiting signal from neuron
only one
Axon fibers - ANS-Myelinated
Non-myelinated
Transmission of sensory Information - ANS-Myelination increases speed of conduction
Oligodendroglial (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
Nerve impulses - travel in plasma membrane
Graded potential -proportional to stimulus
Action potentials - "all or nothing"
Synaptic transmission is(usually) chemical
Release of stored neurotransmitter
Re-uptake of transmitter
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters - ANS-Acetylcholine
Epinephrine or Norepinephrine
, Serotonin
Synapses - ANS-Allow nerves to function as different processing groups
Without synapses, if nerves had direct contact with one another, firing of one would
cause all others to fire
Neurosecretory Cells - ANS-Secretions released into blood
Endocrine function
Somatic nerves (PNS) - ANS-Innervate somatic tissues (muscle, skin, or their
derivatives)
Spinal reflex arc - voluntary/involuntary control
Visceral nerves (Autonomic Nervous System) (PNS) - ANS-Innervates visceral organs
(smooth muscle, glands)
Visceral reflex arc - involuntary control
General vs. Special nerves - distribution (PNS) - ANS-Special nerves typically
associated with senses and cranial nerves
Afferent vs. Efferent - ANS-(sensory) vs (motor)
Dorsal root - ANS-- typically afferent (sensory) fibers
Ventral root - ANS-- typically efferent (motor) fibers
Ganglia parts - ANS-Dorsal root
Sympathetic chain
Collateral
Visceral
Spinal Reflexes events - ANS--A sensory impulse is generated from the stimulus
Afferent (arriving) sensory impulses synapse within dorsal horn of spinal cord (note:
dorsal roots RECEIVE)
Same side (typically)
Opposite side
Higher level or brain
Ventral neurons receive impulses
Transmit impulses to the motor neurons (note: ventral roots effect)
Example: stepping on a nail
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