Intro to Sociology Chapter 1-6
Achieved Status - correct answer-positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least
some effort or activity on the individual's part
Agents of Socialization - correct answer-people or groups that affect our self-concept,
attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life.
Alienation - correct answer-Marx's term for workers' lack of connectoin to the product of their
labor, caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which
leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; a general term for not feeling a part of
something
Anticipatory socialization - correct answer-the process of learning in advance a role or status
one anticipates having
Ascribed status - correct answer-a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives
involuntarily later in life.
Bourgeoisie - correct answer-Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of
production.
Bureacracy - correct answer-a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear
division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications,
and records.
Conflict Theory - correct answer-(Theoretical Framework) society viewed as groups that are
competing for scarce resources.
Control theory - correct answer-the idea that two control systems (inner controls and outter
controls) work against our tendencies to deviate
Counterculture - correct answer-a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors
place its members in opposition to the broader culture
Criminal justice system - correct answer-the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to
deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
Cultural lag - correct answer-Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological
innocations
Cultural relativism - correct answer-not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own
terms.
Culture - correct answer-the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material
objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next.
, Culture shock - correct answer-the disorientation that people experience when they come in
contact with a different culture and can no longer depend on their own assumptions on life.
Degradation ceremony - correct answer-a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual
whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and
stamping a new identity in its place.
Dependent Variable - correct answer-Changed by the independent variable.
Deviance - correct answer-the violation of norms (rules or expectations)
Division of labor - correct answer-the splitting of a group's or society's tasks into specialties
Dramaturgy - correct answer-an approach ,by Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in
terms of drama or the stage
Ethnocentricism - correct answer-the use of one's own culture to judge the ways of other
individuals or societies, generally leading to negative evaluations of the other culture.
Folkways - correct answer-norms that are not stricly enforced
Functional Analysis - correct answer-(Theoretical framework) society is viewed as composed
of various parts, each with a function that contributes to the equilibrium of the society; also
known as "functionalism."
Gemeinschaft - correct answer-a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in
which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gender socialization - correct answer-the ways in which society sets children on different
paths in life because they are male or female
Generalized other - correct answer-the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people
in general
Gesellschaft - correct answer-a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships,
individual accomplishments, and self-interest
Group - correct answer-people who have something in common and who believe what they
have in common is significant; also called "social group."
Group dynamics - correct answer-the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in
which groups influence individuals
Groupthink - correct answer-a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the
perception that there is only one correct course of action, in which to even suggest
alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty.
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