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VBSC 421 lecture Final Exam
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VBSC 421 lecture Final Exam
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VBSC 421 lecture Final Examganglia - ANS-clusters of nerve cells
reflex - ANS-an involuntary and nearly immediate response to a stimulus (the brain not
involved)
central nervous system - ANS-the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system - ANS-nerves outside the CNS
- receives stimuli from 1 or more receptors (afferent)
- transmits information to effectors (efferent) via mechanical (muscular ) action or
chemical (glandular)
- integration (processing) of incoming and outgoing information with stored information
(memory) - ANS-what are the general functions of the nervous system?
neuroglial cells - ANS-provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons
astrocytes - ANS-provide nutrient support for neurons
- part of the blood-brain barrier
microglial cells - ANS-provide protective (immunologic) support to neurons
oligodendroglia - ANS-aka scwann cells
insulation of the axons of neuron cells
ependymal cells - ANS-cells that line the central canal of the spinal cord and brain
- part of the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes and ependymal cells
- controls which nutrients actually reach the brain tissue - ANS-which neuroglial cells
contribute to the blood-brain barrier?
neurons - ANS-the structural and functional unit of
nervous system
- specialized for long distance transmission of electrical stimuli
perikaryon - ANS-a cell body of a neuron that contains a nucleus and other organelles
,dendrite - ANS-branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information
- receive sensory input
axon - ANS-long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
- can be myelinated or non-myelinated
it increases the speed at which signals can travel along the neuron
- produced by oligodendroglial cells in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS -
ANS-what is the purpose of myelin on axons?
graded vs action potential - ANS-action: if sufficient depolarization is achieved, a wave
of depolarization is triggered down the axon= all or nothing release of neurotransmitters
graded: the terminus itself experiences different degrees of depolarization = varying
levels of neurotransmitter release
- acetylcholine
- epinephrine or Norepinephrine
- serotonin - ANS-list the neurotransmitters
synapse - ANS-the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the
dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
- allow nerves to function as different processing groups
- if nerves had direct contact, firing one would cause all others to fire (seizure)
somatic nerves - ANS-innervate somatic tissues (muscle, skin, or their derivatives)
- spinal reflex arc - voluntary/involuntary control
visceral nerves - ANS-autonomic Nervous System
innervates visceral organs (smooth muscle, glands)
- visceral reflex arc - involuntary control
general vs. special nerves - ANS-distribution
special nerves typically associated with senses and cranial
nerves
afferent vs efferent nerves - ANS-afferent = sensory. stimulus towards the CNS
efferent = motor. stimulus away from CNS
, dorsal root - ANS-afferent, sensory fibers
bring signals to the CNS from other locations
ventral root - ANS-efferent, motor fibers
take signals from the CNS to other locations
white matter (nerves) - ANS-outer cortex of spinal nerves
- composed of mostly axons
grey matter (nerves) - ANS-inner, butterfly shape of spinal nerves
- mostly neuron bodies/nuclei
spinal reflex arc - ANS-allow impulses to bypass the brain
can be very beneficial in terms of protecting body from damage
(think burning finger on a hot pan --> you react before you feel the pain)
0. Terminal, S
1. Olfactory, S
2.Optic, S
3. Oculomotor, M
4. Trochlear, M
5. Trigeminal, B
6. Abducens, M
7. Facial, B
8. Auditory, S
9. Glossopharyngeal, B
10. Vegas, B
11. Spinal Accessory, M
12. Hypoglossal, M - ANS-name the cranial nerves and tell if they are motor, sensory, or
both
autonomic nervous system - ANS-visceral activity not under voluntary control
both motor and sensory functions
- S: blood pressure, O2 and CO2 tension, body core and skin temperature, activity of
viscera
- M: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands, all body viscera (alimentary, urogenital,
respiratory)
Visceral reflex - maintains internal environment (vomiting, diarrhea)
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