i before e except after c - ✅✅ -words like: believe, fierce fiend, and friend.
unless after c: receive, receipt, or ceiling
exceptions: codeine, leisure, and seizure
Double the final consonant - ✅✅ -words like: blurred, planned, splitting.
exceptions: bleeding, plowed, vomited.
both correct: traveling, travelling, canceled and cancelled, modeled and modelled
plural rules -✅✅ -on regular words just add s ex: apples, cars, nurses.
words ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z add es ex: lunches, dashes, bosses
words ending in -f or -fe add -ves to the end. ex: life=lives, self=selves elf=elves
chief=chieves
homophones - ✅✅ -words that sound the same but have different meanings
ex: bough/bow, lead/led, red/read, seem/seam, their/ there/they're, ball/bawl
homographs - ✅✅ -words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
ex: bow: to bed at the waist or a decoration
fair: reasonable or a carnival
lead: to show the way; a heavy toxic metal
perfect: flawless or to make flawless
tear: to rip or water from the eye
bat: animal or equipment for baseball
Commas - ✅✅ -(standard english punctuation) serial commas (oxford comma) are
used in series like lists "strawberries, oranges, bananas, and grapes" or in a
sentence before FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) ex: my brother was on his
way home, but got caught in traffic.
rules:
place a comma after an introductory phrase or clause. ex: in 1776, the us became a
country or furthermore,
-place a comma before and after a dependent clause that interrupts the main clause
of a sentence. ex: ann wanted ice cream, but trevor wanted fries, ann got ice cream
anyway
-place a comma between two or more adjectives describing the same noun. ex: the
wet, slippery, puppy ran out of the child's hands.
colons - ✅✅ -indicate a list, examples, or a definition that will follow. is also used in
writing time. example: 8:30am, or IBS: irritable bowel syndrome
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