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PSYC 140 - Module 1 Study Set Questions with explanations of answers | latest update 2024
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PSYC 140 - Module 1 Study SetJean Piaget -✅✅-Cognitive Development Theorist
Sensorimotor Stagge - ✅✅-Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory. Birth - 2 years
Goal: Object Permanence. Infant focuses on physical sensations and on learning to
coordinate their body. Learns about the world through their senses and moving and
exploring their environment.
object permanence - ✅✅ -Piaget - Sensorimotor stage. the understanding the
permanence of objects and that they will still exist even if they can't be seen. Infants
will search for the objects when they disappear. Requires the ability to form a mental
representation (schema) of the object. Starts around 8 months
Preoperational stage - ✅✅ -Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory. 2 to 7 years.
Goal - symbolic thought. At the beginning of this stage, the child does not use
operations, so the thinking is influenced by the way things appear rather than logical
reasoning. Child is egocentric and assumes other people see the world as he does.
As the stage develops, egocentrism declines and children enjoy participation of
others - let's play pretend becomes important. Children think of things symbolically
during this stage
Concrete Operational Stage - ✅✅ -Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory. Ages
7-11 years. Goal - logical thought. The child can now use operations (a set of logical
rules) so she can conserve quantities. She realizes that people see the world in a
different way than she does (decentering) and has improved in inclusion tasks. Still
difficulties with abstract thinking
Formal Operational Stage - ✅✅ -Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory. Ages 12+
Adolescence to adulthood. Goal - scientific reasoning. Now gain the ability to think in
an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated
way and the capacity for higher-order reasoning. Able to think systematically and
reason about what might be as well as what is.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ✅✅ -4 Stages - Sensorimotor Stage,
Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage.
Theory regards the changes in cognitive development that occur as we move from
infancy to adulthood. A child's cognitive development is not just about acquiring
knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of the world. Each
child goes through the stages in the same order, the child's development is
determined by biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
Self Recognition - ✅✅ -the child recognizes that other people are separate from
them. Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
, conservation - ✅✅ -understanding that although things may change in appearance,
certain properties remain the same. Something stays the same in quantity even
though its appearance changes. (Piaget - Concrete Operational Stage)
Egocentric - ✅✅-child assumes that other people sees the world as he does
(Piaget - Preoperational Stage)
Thinking symbolically - ✅✅ -the ability to make one thing, such as a word or an
object, stand for something other than itself
Animism - ✅✅ -the tendency for the child to think that a non-living object (such as
toys) have life and feelings like a person's (Piaget - Preoperational Stage)
Operations - ✅✅-a set of logical rules. More sophisticated mental structures which
allow us to combine schemas in a logical (reasonable) way. (Piaget - Concrete
Operational Stage)
Decentring - ✅✅-realizing that people see the world in a different way than you do
(Piaget - Concrete Operational Stage)
schema - ✅✅ -(Piaget) a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing
component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning.
The basic building blocks of cognitive models and enable us to form a mental
representation of the world. A way of organizing knowledge. "Units" of knowledge -
each relating to one aspect of the world (objects, actions and abstract (theoretical
concepts)
Equilibrium - ✅✅-(Piaget) a state of cognitive balance
✅✅
script - -an example of a schema that is retrieved from memory and applied to
a situation. Ex: buying a meal at a restaurant - whenever in a restaurant they retrieve
this schema from memory to look at the menu, order food, eat it and pay the bill.
neonatal schemas - ✅✅ -(Piaget) cognitive structures underlying innate reflexes -
these reflexes are genetically programmed into us
Adaptation - ✅✅-(Piaget) the process by which the child changes its mental
models of the world to match more closely how the world actually is. Brought about
by the processes of assimilation
Assimilation - ✅✅ -(Piaget) solving new experiences using existing schemas.
Fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions and
understanding. Occurs when the new experience is not very different from previous
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