Edexcel Geography A-Level: Migration,
Identity and Sovereignty. 2024 Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Ethnic conflict and contested borders in Iraq and Syria -
Answer>>▫️Middle East - unhappy fit between state borders and
regions ethnic map.
▫️Root cause of ongoing conflict is Sykes-picot line. Drawn by
Great Britain and France in 1916.
▫️Large Kurdish populations of 25million distributed between 4
states, turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria.
▫️Large Sunni and Shia Muslim population also divided.
▫️Much of 21st century, region been mired with conflict and
instability.
▫️Terrorist organisations (Daesh and al-Qaeda) have shown little
respect for borders or human rights.
▫️Daesh took advantage of power vacuums in Iraq.
▫️Syria also entered a civil war.
▫️Daesh wages jihad against other religions, annihilating minority
communities such as Christian Assyrians, Kurds, Shabaks,
Turkmens and Yazidis.
IN ORDER TO STOP THIS
▫️Daesh must be contained and defeated, political and cultural
rehabilitation needs to take place and the hope that geopolitical
stability returns is needed.
Rural-urban Migration within China - Answer>>▫️China, example
of how global systems have encouraged rural-urban migration.
▫️Mass migration, good news for China's economy. 1978, 20% of
China's population lived in cities, today figure is 55%.
▫️Relocation of 400 million rural people gave many Chinese cities
a 'site factor' certain to attract FDI.
,▫️Chinese governments authorisation of free movement can be
viewed as a rational economic decision allowing china to benefit
from globalisation.
▫️'Migrant miracle' that followed underpinned 30 years of rapid
economic growth.
Rural-urban Migration in Spain - Answer>>▫️Core-periphery
growth in Spain has accelerated to such extent that Celtiberian
Highlands, rural region of Madrid, has been abandoned.
▫️Decades of depopulation, 8 people per square kilometre.
▫️Provinces such as Terual and Sofia have 600 villages with fewer
than 100 people and an average age of 57.
▫️High rural unemployment has meant young people continue to
seek new opportunities in Madrid and Barcelona.
▫️Spains low birth rate means rural recovery is unlikely.
▫️When local schools shut, threshold or tipping point is often
reached, from which there is no return.
International Migration inside the EU Schengen Area -
Answer>>▫️Process of core-periphery polarisation is repeated at
larger spatial scales.
▫️Within EU, free movement of labour has helped international
core-periphery pattern develop.
▫️EU core region encompasses southern England, north France,
Belgium and much of western Germany.
▫️Includes cities such as London, Paris, Brussels and Berlin.
▫️Labour migration flows from eastern and Southern Europe are
overwhelmingly directed towards these places.
▫️Most national border controls in EU removed in 1995 when
Schengen Agreement implemented. Enables easier movement of
people and goods within EU, means that passports do not usually
need to be shown at borders, UK did not sign, preferring to keep
its border controls.
▫️Eastern Europe nations implemented agreement in 2007-2008.
Schengen brings benefits as labour can move where demanded,
, but also costs - once someone is in one EU country, they can
move to others.
▫️In recent years, most EU states have witnessed the growth of
populace movements opposed to this arrangement.
▫️Fears of terrorism and uncontrolled refugee movements have led
some people to question the wisdom of free movement.
Migration Policies in Singapore, Japan and Australia -
Answer>>▫️Singapore (liberal migration) - rated as an emerging
economy. Now a developed nation, city-state is unusual in many
respects. 5 million people, great ethnic diversity due to past as
British colonial port and subsequent transformation into worlds
fourth largest financial centre. Many global businesses/institutions
have located their Asia-pacific head offices in Singapore,
including credit suites and international baccalaureate. Many
foreign workers/families have relocated there, AAR, Singapore
has many international schools.
▫️Japan (strict migration) - less than 2% of the Japanese
population is foreign or foreign born. Despite growing status of
japan being global hub from 1960s onwards, migration rules make
it tough for newcomers to settle permanently. Nationality law
makes acquisition of Japanese citizenship by resident foreigners
a goal. Japan faces challenge of ageing population. There will be
three workers per two retirees by 2060, many people think that
japans government will need to loosen grip on immigration.
▫️Australia (stricter migration) - while Singapore has high
percentage of foreign workers, Australia is lower due to recent
history of restrictive migration policies. Country currently operates
a points system for economic migrants called migration
programme. 2013, only 190,000 economic migrants were granted
access to Australia. The top five countries with source where
India, china, the UK, the Philippines and Pakistan. Until 1973,
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