Communicative Language Teaching
(CLT)
7 language functions (Halliday) - correct answer-1. Instrumental: to get things
2. Regulatory: to control behavior of others
3. Interactional: to create interaction with others
4. Personal: to express personal feelings and meanings
5. Heuristic: to learn and to discover
6. Imaginative: to create
7. Representational: to communication information
Approach - correct answer-Widdowson
-- relation between linguistic systems and their communicative values in text and discourse;
communicative acts underlying the ability to use language for different purposes
Canale & Swain
-- grammatical competence: linguistic competence
-- sociolinguistic competence: understanding of the social context
-- discourse competence: interpretation of the message elements in terms of their
interconnectedness
-- strategic competence: coping strategies to initiate, maintain, terminate, repair, and redirect
communication
Criticisms of CLT - correct answer-- promotes fossilization: over-emphasis on communication
and fluency at the expense of accuracy = fossilized errors
- reflects "native-speakerism": BANA (Britain, Australasia, North America) context (learner's
needs, motivation, teaching methods, and objectives) are taken as the norm for the world
- not applicable in different cultures of learning: not successful in non-european contexts
(different beliefs about the nature of teaching and learning)
- reflects a Western-based top-down approach innovations. Communicative syllabus does
not capture diversity of students' needs and goals
Language learning is the result of - correct answer-- interaction between learner and users of
the language
- collaborative creation of meaning
- creating meaningful and purposeful interaction through language
- negotiation of meaning as the learner and the interlocutor arrive at the understanding
- learning through attending to the feedback learners get when they use the language
- paying attention to the language one hears (input) and trying to incorporate new forms into
one's developing communicative competence
- trying out and experimenting with different ways of saying things
- learning as social mediation between learner and another during which socially acquired
knowledge becomes internal to the learner
- learning facilitated through scaffolding by an expert or fellow learner
- learning through collaborative dialogue centering on structured cooperative tasks
, Learner roles - correct answer-- participating in cooperation-based classroom activities
- having the joint responsibility (speaker and listener) of communication
Main characteristics - correct answer-- language = system to express meaning
- primary function of language = allow interaction and communication
- structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses
- primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and structural features, but
categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse
- communicative competence entails knowing how to use language for a range of different
purposes and functions as well as the following dimensions:
-- knowing how to vary use of language according to the setting and the participants (formal
or informal use)
- knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts (narratives, reports,
interview, conversations)
- knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one's language
knowledge (compensatory strategies)
Major influences of CLT - correct answer-- learner autonomy: choice over content and
processes
- social nature of learning: joint reponsibility of meaning making
- curricular integration: English is linked to other subject matters as in CLIL and TBI
- focus on meaning: meaning as the driving force of learning as in CBI
- diversity: emphasis on developing students' use and awareness of learning strategies
- thinking skills: developing higher-order thinking skills (critical and creative thinking)
-alternative assessment: observation, interviews, journal, portfolios as opposed to traditional
assessment (pen and paper tests, MC tests)
- teachers as co-learners : facilitator trying out different alternative (learning through doing)
Objectives - correct answer-General/Specific
- general goals and syllabus: topic-based, function-based, skill-based syllabus
- specific goals and syllabus: ESP,EAP: specific objectives based on the context of teaching
and learning
Procedure - correct answer-- description of a typical CLT classroom is not feasible because
communicative principles can be applied to any class, at any level, and any skills
- typical procedure of text-based materials
-- pre-communicative activities
--- structural activities (dialog forms and grammatical forms)
--- quasi-communicative activities (controlled practice)
-- communicative activities
--- functional communication activities (information gap, sorting out a series of events)
--- social interaction activities (conversations, discussions, dialogues, role plays, debated
Role of instructional materials - correct answer-Primary role of promoting communicative
language use
- text-based materials
-- textbooks mainly written based on a structural syllabus with the integration of functions,
topics, grammar, vocabulary, and the four skills
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Hkane. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
