USABO 2022 mass deck
Mycorrhizae - ANS-Symbiotic organisms (aka symbionts) with plants that live on their
roots, helping the plant gain nutrients
Nerve net - ANS-A nervous system that moves neural signals in all directions from the
stimuli, found in invertebrates like hydra
Malpighian tubules - ANS-Tubes in an insect that help with osmoregulation and
excretion; they move waste into the main gut for removal. "Kidneys" of arthropods, they
absorb ammonium and convert it into uric acid, then into the main gut for removal.
Nematocysts - ANS-Specialized cells for stinging (like on jellyfish)
Contractile Vacuole - ANS-A special type of vacuole in a cell which can contract itself for
osmoregulation
Flame cells - ANS-Specialized cells for waste removal (excretion), found in simple
organisms like flatworms (specifically planaria)
Cambium - ANS-One type of meristem tissue, which is inbetween xylem and phloem
Divergent evolution - ANS-Natural selection happening to only 1 group of a common
ancestor species, which makes the group become a different species
Lipid derived hormones: - ANS-- Includes sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
- LIPIDS —> nonpolar —> insoluble in water
- Remain in circulation for a long time (1 hr); transported by blood proteins
- Are ketones (w/ ketone group) or alcohols (OH group)
- diffuse through the cell membrane
Amino-acid derived hormones: - ANS-- Name ends w/ "-ine"
- VERY small hormones
- Made from tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp)
- Polar —> water soluble
Peptide hormones: - ANS-- Made from polypeptide chains (like proteins)
- Binds to receptors on cell membranes
- Polar —> water soluble
,Function of cortisol - ANS-lowers immune defenses, raises the blood sugar level, and
inhibits the release of histamine (allergic reaction neurotransmitter)
Histamine - ANS-- neurotransmitter
- released when IgE binds to mast cells
- also released by eosinophils
- causes symptoms of allergic reactions (itchiness, contracted muscle, dilated
capillaries)
ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone - ANS-Secreted by pituitary gland
Peptide hormone
Facilitates CORTISOL production —> negative feedback loop
CRH / Corticotropin releasing hormone - ANS-Secreted by hypothalamus (big boss!)
Peptide hormone
Facilitates ACTH production
Monocyte - ANS-Large white blood cell; precursor to macrophages
Kidney function - ANS-HOMEOSTASIS - regulate blood volume/pressure, solute
concentration, pH
CELLS - stimulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin production
Erythropoietin (EPO) - ANS-hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production
of red blood cells by bone marrow
Path of blood in kidneys - ANS-1. Renal arteries
2. Nephrons
3. Renal Vein
glomerulus & bowman's capsule - ANS-Glomerulus --> sieve, lets toxins out of blood
Capsule --> bowl, captures toxins (aka filtrate)
Continuous transcription & translation (at the same time) - ANS-Prokaryotic cells
Polycistronic (one finished mRNA --> many proteins) - ANS-Prokarytoic cells
,Uses 70S ribosome - ANS-Prokaryotic cells
Shine Dalgrono Sequence - ANS-Sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that 30S subunit of
ribosome binds to
formylated Methienine (fMet) - ANS-Start codon of prokaryotic cells
Meristematic cells - ANS-Plant version of stem cells
Can specialize into any other type of cells
Actively reproduce by mitosis
Found in:
1. apical (roots & shoots, primary growth)
2. lateral (cambium, secondary growth)
Parenchyma cells - ANS-- Thin cell walls (b/c they only have 1 cell wall)
- Found in vascular bundles, leaves, and epidermis
- Loosely packed
- Can specialize into photosynthesis —> chlorenchyma cells
- Can specialize into opening/closing stomata —> guard cells
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