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USABO 2022 mass deck Questions with 100% Actual correct answers | verified | latest update | Graded A+ | Already Passed | Complete Solution

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USABO 2022 mass deck Questions with 100% Actual correct answers | verified | latest update | Graded A+ | Already Passed | Complete Solution

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  • June 20, 2024
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USABO 2022 mass deck
Mycorrhizae - ANS-Symbiotic organisms (aka symbionts) with plants that live on their
roots, helping the plant gain nutrients

Nerve net - ANS-A nervous system that moves neural signals in all directions from the
stimuli, found in invertebrates like hydra

Malpighian tubules - ANS-Tubes in an insect that help with osmoregulation and
excretion; they move waste into the main gut for removal. "Kidneys" of arthropods, they
absorb ammonium and convert it into uric acid, then into the main gut for removal.

Nematocysts - ANS-Specialized cells for stinging (like on jellyfish)

Contractile Vacuole - ANS-A special type of vacuole in a cell which can contract itself for
osmoregulation

Flame cells - ANS-Specialized cells for waste removal (excretion), found in simple
organisms like flatworms (specifically planaria)

Cambium - ANS-One type of meristem tissue, which is inbetween xylem and phloem

Divergent evolution - ANS-Natural selection happening to only 1 group of a common
ancestor species, which makes the group become a different species

Lipid derived hormones: - ANS-- Includes sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
- LIPIDS —> nonpolar —> insoluble in water
- Remain in circulation for a long time (1 hr); transported by blood proteins
- Are ketones (w/ ketone group) or alcohols (OH group)
- diffuse through the cell membrane

Amino-acid derived hormones: - ANS-- Name ends w/ "-ine"
- VERY small hormones
- Made from tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp)
- Polar —> water soluble

Peptide hormones: - ANS-- Made from polypeptide chains (like proteins)
- Binds to receptors on cell membranes
- Polar —> water soluble

,Function of cortisol - ANS-lowers immune defenses, raises the blood sugar level, and
inhibits the release of histamine (allergic reaction neurotransmitter)

Histamine - ANS-- neurotransmitter
- released when IgE binds to mast cells
- also released by eosinophils
- causes symptoms of allergic reactions (itchiness, contracted muscle, dilated
capillaries)

ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone - ANS-Secreted by pituitary gland
Peptide hormone
Facilitates CORTISOL production —> negative feedback loop

CRH / Corticotropin releasing hormone - ANS-Secreted by hypothalamus (big boss!)
Peptide hormone
Facilitates ACTH production

Monocyte - ANS-Large white blood cell; precursor to macrophages

lymphatic organs - ANS-spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils + adenoid, appendix,
peyer's patch (small intestine)

Kidney function - ANS-HOMEOSTASIS - regulate blood volume/pressure, solute
concentration, pH
CELLS - stimulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin production

Erythropoietin (EPO) - ANS-hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production
of red blood cells by bone marrow

Path of blood in kidneys - ANS-1. Renal arteries
2. Nephrons
3. Renal Vein

glomerulus & bowman's capsule - ANS-Glomerulus --> sieve, lets toxins out of blood
Capsule --> bowl, captures toxins (aka filtrate)

Continuous transcription & translation (at the same time) - ANS-Prokaryotic cells

Polycistronic (one finished mRNA --> many proteins) - ANS-Prokarytoic cells

,Uses 70S ribosome - ANS-Prokaryotic cells

Shine Dalgrono Sequence - ANS-Sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that 30S subunit of
ribosome binds to

formylated Methienine (fMet) - ANS-Start codon of prokaryotic cells

mRNA processing - ANS-Eukaryotic cells
5`capping (weird guanosine)
3` polyadenlyation (AAAAAAA...)
Intron & exon splicing

Monocistronic (one finished mRNA --> one protein) - ANS-Eukarytoic cells

Uses 80S ribosome - ANS-Eukaryotic cells

43S PIC (pre-initiation complex) - ANS-Part of 40S ribosome subunit that binds to
eukarytoic mRNA (from the 5' cap)

Ribosome direction on mRNA - ANS-5' to 3'

Kozak sequence - ANS-plays a role in the initiation of TRANSLATION (mRNA binding to
ribosomes)

fancier start codon

NOT ribosomal binding site — that's the 5' cap

Chaperonins - ANS-Protein complex that helps protein folding
Creates hydrophillic, safe environment to fold
Binds to parts of the polypeptide chain

Central nervous system - ANS-brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system - ANS-the sensory and motor neurons that connect the
central nervous system to the rest of the body

sympathetic nervous system - ANS-fight or flight

, parasympathetic nervous system - ANS-rest and digest

Unique properties of mammals - ANS-Mammary glands
Hair (yes, only mammals have true hair!)
4-chambered heart
Lungs
Teeth variety

4 parts of an operon - ANS-PROG
promoter (DNA sequence)
repressor (blocking protein)
operator (DNA sequence)
gene (DNA sequence)

lac operon - ANS-allows lactose-digesting enzymes to form when:
1. lactose is high (lac repressor)
2. glucose is low (CAP site)

"ZendaYA"
lacZ —> lacY —> lacA
b-galactosidase —> lactose permease —> transacetylase

lacZ - ANS-encodes B-galactosidase

lacY - ANS-gene that encodes lactose permease

lacA - ANS-encodes transacetylase

Meristematic cells - ANS-Plant version of stem cells
Can specialize into any other type of cells
Actively reproduce by mitosis
Found in:
1. apical (roots & shoots, primary growth)
2. lateral (cambium, secondary growth)

Parenchyma cells - ANS-- Thin cell walls (b/c they only have 1 cell wall)
- Found in vascular bundles, leaves, and epidermis
- Loosely packed
- Can specialize into photosynthesis —> chlorenchyma cells
- Can specialize into opening/closing stomata —> guard cells

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