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Midterm Exam: NR565/ NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam | Questions and Verified Answers (2023/ 2024 Update)- Chamberlain

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Midterm Exam: NR565/ NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Care of the Fundamentals Exam | Questions and Verified Answers (2023/ 2024 Update)- Chamberlain

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  • June 23, 2024
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未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions Contents Chapter Pages (1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY ................................ ................................ ............................... 5 PART I PHARMACOKINETICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 5 PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 8 (2) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ................. 12 PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 12 PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 16 PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 19 PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR ACTIVATING DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 24 PART V ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 29 (3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................ 34 PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 34 PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 38 PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 41 PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 44 PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 46 PART VI NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 49 PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 51 PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 54 PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 57 PART X CNS STIMULANTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 60 PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 63 PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 65 (4) ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 68 PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 68 PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 70 PART III DRUGS ACTING ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 73 PART IV DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 74 PART V DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 76 PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 78 PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 80 PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 83 PART IX H YPERTENSIVE (ANTI -HYPOTENSIVE ) DRUGS . DRUGS INFLUENCING CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW . ANTI-MIGRAINE AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 85 (5) METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 88 PART I HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES , THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS ................................ ................................ .. 88 PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 91 PART III THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 93 PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID , STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ................................ .......................... 95 PART V IMMUNOTROPIC & ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 98 PART VI VITAMINS , VITAMIN -LIKE COMPOUNDS , ANTIVITAMINS , ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES ................................ ................. 104 PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT ................................ ............................... 110 PART VIII AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 114 PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID , MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS , DIURETICS , PLASMA EXPANDERS ............................. 120 (6) CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 124 PART I ANTIBIOTICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 124 PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 129 PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS ................................ ................................ ................... 132 PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER ................................ .................. 135 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions 5 (1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY PART I PHARMACOKINETICS 01. Pharmacokinetics is: a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs b) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs c) The study of mechanisms of drug action d) The study of methods of new drug development 02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include? a) Complications of drug therapy b) Drug biotransformation in the organism c) Influence of drugs on metabolism processes d) Influence of drugs on genes 02. What does “pharmacokinetics” include? a) Pharmacological effects of drugs b) Unwanted effects of drugs c) Chemical structure of a medicinal agent d) Distribution of drugs in the organism 03. What does “pharmacokinetics” include? a) Localization of drug action b) Mechanisms of drug action c) Excretion of substances d) Interaction of substances 04. The main mechanism of most drugs absorption in GI tract is: a) Active transport (carrier -mediated diffusion) b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion) c) Endocytosis and exocytosis d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion) 05. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion? a) Lipid -soluble b) Non-ionized substances c) Hydrophobic substances d) Hydrophilic substances 06. A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property: a) Low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis c) Easy permeation through the blood -brain barrier d) High reabsorption in renal tubules 07. What is implied by «active transport»? a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane by means of diffusion b) Transport without energy consumption c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with a new vesicle formation d) Transport against concentration gradient 08. What does the term “bioavailability” mean? a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance b) Permeability through the brain -blood barrier c) Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation following any route administration d) Amount of a substance in urine relative to the initial doze 09. The reasons determing bioavailability are: a) Rheological parameters of blood b) Amount of a substance obtained orally and quantity of intakes c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect d) Glomerular filtration rate 10. Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized: a) Oral b) Transdermal c) Rectal d) Intraduodenal 11. Which route of drug administration is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect? a) Sublingual 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions 6 b) Oral c) Intravenous d) Intramuscular 12. What is characteristic of the oral route? a) Fast onset of effect b) Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory 13. Tick the feature of the sublingual route: a) Pretty fast absorption b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion c) A drug is exposed more prominent liver metabolism d) A drug can be administrated in a variety of doses 14. Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration: a) Rectal b) Oral c) Sublingual d) Inhalation 15. Parenteral administration: a) Cannot be used with unconsciousness patients b) Generally results in a less accurate dosage than oral administration c) Usually produces a more rapid response than oral administration d) Is too slow for emergency use 16. What is characteristic of the intramuscular route of drug administration? a) Only water solutions can be injected b) Oily solutions can be injected c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution injections d) The action develops slower, than at oral administration 17. Intravenous injections are more suitable for oily solutions: a) True b) False 18. Correct statements listing characteristics of a particular route of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT: a) Intravenous administration provides a rapid response b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique c) Inhalation provides slow access to the general circulation d) Subcutaneous administration may cause local irritation 19. Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously. a) True b) False 20. Biological barriers include all except: a) Renal tubules b) Cell membranes c) Capillary walls d) Placenta 21. What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain -blood barrier? a) High lipid solubility of a drug b) Meningitis c) Absence of pores in the brain capillary endothelium d) High endocytosis degree in a brain capillary 22. The volume of distribution (Vd) relates: a) Single to a daily dose of an administrated drug b) An administrated dose to a body weight c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation d) The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma 23. For the calculation of the volume of distribution (Vd) one must take into account: a) Concentration of a substance in plasma b) Concentration of substance in urine c) Therapeutical width of drug action d) A daily dose of drug 24. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids: 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更
加智能化和个性化。例如，人工智能的进一
步发展，可能会使得机器具备更高的自主学
习能力和决策能力，从而在医疗、教育、交
通等领域带来更多的创新应用 。 未来展望 展望未来，科技将 继续深刻影响社会的发展
。随着人工智能、量子计算和生物技术的不
断突破，我们有理由相信，未来的世界将更Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions Multiple choice questions 7 a) True b) False 25. The term “biotransformation” includes the following: a) Accumulation of substances in a fat tissue b) Binding of substances with plasma proteins c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue d) Process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body 26. Biotransformation of the drugs is to render them: a) Less ionized b) More pharmacologically active c) More lipid soluble d) Less lipid soluble 27. Tick the drug type for which microsomal oxidation is the most prominent: a) Lipid soluble b) Water soluble c) Low molecular weight d) High molecular weight 28. Pick out the right statement: a) Microsomal oxidation always results in inactivation of a compound b) Microsomal oxidation results in a decrease of compound toxicity c) Microsomal oxidation results in an increase of ionization and water solubility of a drug d) Microsomal oxidation results in an increase of lipid solubility of a drug thus its excretion from the organism is facilitated 29. Stimulation of liver microsomal enzymes can: a) Require the dose increase of some drugs b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs c) Prolong the duration of the action of a drug d) Intensify the unwanted reaction of a drug 30. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is: a) Acetylation and methylation of substances b) Transformation of substances due to oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis c) Glucuronide formation d) Binding to plasma proteins 31. Biotransformation of a medicinal substance results in: a) Faster urinary excretion b) Slower urinary excretion c) Easier distribution in organism d) Higher binding to membranes 32. Conjugation is: a) Process of drug reduction by special enzymes b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases c) Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate d) Solubilization in lipids 33. Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation? a) Acetylation b) Reduction c) Oxidation d) Hydrolysis 34. Conjugation of a drug includes the following EXCEPT: a) Glucoronidation b) Sulfate formation c) Hydrolysis d) Methylation 35. Metabolic transformation and conjugation usually results in an increase of a substance biological activity: a) True b) False 36. In case of liver disorders accompanied by a decline in microsomal enzyme activity the duration of action of some drugs is: a) Decreased b) Enlarged c) Remained unchanged d) Changed insignificantly

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