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Portage Pharmacology Module 6- Infectious diseases_Antibiotics.
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Portage Pharmacology Module 6-Infectious diseases/Antibiotics
Antibiotic - correct answer-drugs that have the ability to destroy or interfere with the
development of a living organism, typically bacteria.
Infectious diseases - correct answer-caused by pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms
such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites as well as by viruses.
Bacteria - correct answer-defined as single-celled microorganisms. They can be found
virtually everywhere and can either be harmless or very dangerous.
Bacteria can be classified as either: - correct answer-- Gram-positive or Gram-negative. This
classification refers to how they respond to the Gram stain procedure.
- whether they are an aerobe or anaerobe
Gram-positive - correct answer-bacteria stain purple
Gram-negative - correct answer-stain pink
- Gram-negative bacterial infections are harder to treat because Gram-negative bacteria
have a more complex cell wall structure.
Aerobe - correct answer-a bacterium that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for
growth
Anaerobe - correct answer-a bacterium that does not require oxygen in order to grow.
Anaerobes, for instance, are most commonly found in the GI tract.
it is important to understand generally that bacteria do not simply cause a single disease:
rather, multiple disorders are possible depending on where in the body the bacteria
accumulate. - correct answer-For example, the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes is the
specific bacteria responsible for the common throat infection known as strep throat. This
bacterium is spread through airborne droplets when someone with the bacteria coughs or
sneezes. It can also be spread by sharing food or drinks. When the bacteria spread through
the air or even food, the throat is one of the first contact points in the body, which makes
strep throat a common result. However, if it happened to be transferred via contact with a
contaminated surface and the person had an open sore, the very same bacteria could cause
an entirely different infection, in this case, a skin infection.
There are also common infections associated term-13with certain bacteria based on where
they are found naturally or how the pathogen is acquired. Take for instance, the bacteria
E.coli. Although typically found within the intestines of a healthy individual, when someone
becomes exposed to a pathogenic strain of E.coli, often via contaminated food, it often
presents as diarrhea because of where the bacteria naturally end up by way of the digestive
tract.
, One last factor is related to where the person contracts the infection—different types of
bacteria are found in the environmental community compared to a healthcare setting.
health care associated infection - correct answer-- an infection acquired during the course of
receiving treatment for another condition in a health care institution.
- Generally, healthcare-associated infections are much more difficult to treat because the
microorganisms have been exposed to strong antibiotics in the past; therefore, they are
resistant to many treatments.
Examples of common Gram positive/negative bacteria - correct answer-Gram positive:
staphylococcus aureus- skin & skin structure infection
streptococcus progenies -strep throat
enterococcus faecalis- UTI
Gram negative:
psueodomonas aeruginosa- meningitis, pneumonia
klebsiella pneumoniae - UTI, pneumonia,
escherichia coli- pneumonia, UTI, diarrhea
enterobacter species- urinary & respiratory tract infections
Antibiotic spectrum - correct answer-bacteria that are susceptible to the antibacterial actions
of a particular drug.
Broad Spectrum - correct answer-an antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of both
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteria Resistance - correct answer-the ability of some bacteria to resist the actions of
antibiotics.
MRSA - correct answer-- stands for methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus.
- Methicillin is a penicillin-related antibiotic that was previously effective against resistant
staph infections. However, over time, an even more drug-resistant strain developed and was
termed MRSA. MRSA infections have become a major problem because none of the
penicillin-class drugs are effective against it. In fact, only a few antibiotics, such as
Vancomycin, have demonstrated effectiveness.
Antibiotic classification: - correct answer-- most often based on their chemical structure
- Distinguishing characteristics include antibacterial spectrum, mechanism of action, potency,
toxicity, and pharmacokinetic properties
- either considered bactericidal or bacteriostatic
four general mechanism by which antibiotics generally work to rid the body of infection -
correct answer-1. Interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis
2.Interference with protein synthesis
3.Interference with replication of DNA and RNA
4.Antimetabolite action that disrupts important metabolic reactions within the bacterial cell
Bactericidal antibiotics - correct answer-work by killing the bacteria.
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