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Spread the Happiness. Assertion and Reason Statements Feedback: 9008271516XI_Zoo_New_Chap_BIOMOLECULES _ A&R Items
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9.1 HOW TO ANALYSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION?
Living organisms have a higher relative Elemental analysis reveals the same elements in both, but
abundance of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with differential proportions favoring biomolecules (C, H,
1 compared to non-living matter. O).
Chemical analysis of living tissue extracts The presence of thousands of small organic
identifies various organic compounds compounds necessitates methods for their identification
2 (biomolecules). and classification.
Biomolecules are classified into Smaller molecules (<1000 Da) are considered small
macromolecules and small molecules based on biomolecules, while larger ones are macromolecules.
3 size.
The arrangement of amino acids (primary The amino acid sequence (primary structure) dictates
structure) influences the protein's folding into protein folding, affecting its 3D structure and function.
secondary, tertiary, and potentially quaternary
4 structures.
Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) store genetic They are composed of nucleotides containing sugar and
information. nitrogenous bases that complement and code for genetic
5 information.
Lipids are generally water-insoluble Their non-polar hydrocarbon tails lack charged groups,
6 biomolecules. hindering solubility in polar water.
The presence of a phosphate group makes The phosphate group introduces polarity, enabling
some lipids phospholipids, with amphipathic interaction with both water (hydrophilic) and non-polar
7 properties. molecules (hydrophobic).
Proteins act as enzymes, regulating biochemical Their specific 3D structure (shape) allows binding to
reactions. substrates (lock-and-key model) and lowering the
8 activation energy of reactions.
Amino acids have diverse chemical properties These functional groups influence charge, polarity, and
due to the presence of amino, carboxyl, and R side chain properties, impacting protein structure and
9 groups. function.
9.2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES
Primary metabolites directly support essential They fulfill critical functions necessary for survival and
10 physiological processes. growth, unlike secondary metabolites.
Plants, fungi, and microbes exhibit a wider Their diverse ecological niches necessitate the production
11 range of secondary metabolites. of compounds beyond core survival needs.
The unknown functions of many secondary Their varied structures and presence in specific organisms
metabolites suggest potential for future hint at roles beyond immediate survival, waiting to be
12 discoveries. elucidated.
Categorizing metabolites highlights the Primary metabolism underpins survival, while secondary
distinction between core functions and metabolism reflects organism-specific ecological
13 adaptations. strategies.
Secondary metabolites can influence Their properties might play a role in attracting beneficial
interactions within ecosystems. organisms, deterring herbivores, or competition for
14 resources.
The use of secondary metabolites as drugs Their unique chemical structures can be harnessed to
15 exemplifies their potential for human benefit. target specific biological processes and treat diseases.
9.3 BIOMACROMOLECULES
Molecular weight is the classifying criterion for Macromolecules (>10,000 daltons) are significantly larger
biomolecules as micro or macromolecules. than micromolecules (<1,000 daltons).
16
Grinding disrupts cell membranes, causing Fragmentation transforms membranes into vesicles, which
lipids to be categorized within the acid-insoluble lose solubility and become grouped with other insoluble
17 fraction. macromolecules.
The macromolecular fraction represents cellular Proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, essential for
structures due to the size and complexity of its building structures, necessitate larger size and intricate
18 constituents. arrangements.
Water is the most prevalent component in living Cellular mass contain 70-90% of water and plays vital role
19 cells. in cellular processes.
The acid-soluble and insoluble fractions The soluble fraction provides readily available small
complement each other to form the complete molecules, while the insoluble fraction offers structural
cellular composition. support and houses essential macromolecules.
20
9.4 PROTEINS
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