Exam (elaborations)
BIO 390 Exam 2.
- Course
- Institution
Exam of 37 pages for the course BCH 462 Urea Cycle, Fatty Acid Synthesis at BCH 462 Urea Cycle, Fatty Acid Synthesis (BIO 390 Exam 2.)
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
lydiaomutho
Content preview
BIO 390 Exam 2Virus - CORRECT ANSWER-Latin for poison (Pasteur)
Not living
Not cellular
Obligate intracellular parasite - CORRECT ANSWER-Perform no metabolism
Can not freely reproduce
No protein synthesis
Carry no or few enzymes
Naked virus (non-enveloped virus) anatomy: - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetic
material (DNA or RNA)
Capsid-protein coating (composed of capsomere proteins)
Enveloped virus anatomy: - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetic material (DNA or
RNA)
Capsid
Envelope - phospholipid bilayer
Spikes (often) - virally-encoded membrane proteins
Complex viruses: - CORRECT ANSWER-Example: poxviruses - DNA
surrounded by layers of lipoproteins
Example: T4 Bacteriophage - DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid, helical protein
tail, tail fibers
Classifications: International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) -
CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Nucleic acid type (single-stranded or double-stranded
DNA; single-stranded or double-stranded RNA)
2.) Replication process
3.) Morphology (envelope, capsid type, etc.)
4.) Effects
Commonly used: Family, Genus, species (common name): Picornaviridae,
Enterovirus, Polio virus
,Viral multiplication - CORRECT ANSWER-Absorption (attachment)
Penetration/uncoating
Replication (biosynthesis)
Assembly/maturation
Release (budding or lysis)
Viral host range - CORRECT ANSWER-Types of cells within a host species
which can be infected by the virus
Determined by attachment (susceptible) and cellular components necessary for
viral replication processes (permissive).
Bacteriophage multiplication: - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Attachment - phage
attaches to host cell.
2.) Penetration - phage penetrates host cell and injects its DNA.
3.) Biosynthesis - phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host
cell.
4.) Maturation - viral components are assembled into virions
5.) Release - host cell lyses and new virions are released.
Animal viruses - CORRECT ANSWER-Variations on the same 5 basic viral
multiplication steps based on:
Genetic material
Surface structures
Enzymes of virus and/or host cell
DNA animal virus - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Virion attaches to host cell.
2.) Virion enters cell, and its DNA is uncoated
3.) A portion of viral DNA is transcribed, producing mRNA that encodes "early"
viral proteins.
4.) Viral DNA is replicated, and some viral proteins are made.
5.) Late translation; capsid proteins are synthesized.
6.) Virions mature.
7.) Virions released.
RNA viral multiplication (ssRNA; + or sense strand; Picornaviridae) - CORRECT
ANSWER-1.) Attachment
,2.) Entry and uncoating. Uncoating releases viral RNA and proteins.
3.) RNA replication by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. - strand is
transcribed from + viral genome. mRNA is transcribed from the - strand.
4.) Translation and synthesis of viral proteins.
5.) Maturation and release.
RNA viral multiplication (ssRNA; - or antisense strand; Rhabdoviridae -
CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Attachment.
2.) Entry and uncoating. Uncoating releases viral RNA and proteins.
3.) RNA replication by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The + strand
(mRNA) must first be transcribed from the - viral genome before proteins can be
synthesized. Additional - strands are transcribed from mRNA.
4.) Translation and synthesis of viral proteins. - strands are incorporated into
capsid.
5.) Maturation and release
RNA viral multiplication (dsRNA; + or sense strand with - or antisense strand,
Reoviridae - CORRECT ANSWER-1.) Attachment
2.) Entry and uncoating. Uncoating releases viral RNA and proteins.
3.) RNA replication by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. mRNA is
produced inside the capsid and released into the cytoplasm of the host.
4.) Translation and synthesis of viral proteins. RNA polymerase initiates
production of - strands. The mRNA and - strands form the dsRNA that is
incorporated as new viral genome.
5.) Maturation and release.
Retroviral multiplication: enveloped RNA - CORRECT ANSWER-Two identical +
strands of RNA
1.) Retrovirus enters by fusion between attachment spikes and the host cell
receptors.
2.) Uncoating releases the two viral RNA genomes and the viral enzymes
reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
3.) Reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA to produce double-stranded DNA.
4.) The new viral DNA is transported into the host cell's nucleus, where it is
integrated into a host cell chromosome as a provirus by viral integrase. The
provirus may be replicated when the host cell replicates.
, 5.) Transcription of the provirus may also occur, producing RNA for new
retrovirus genomes and RNA encodes the retrovirus capsid, enzymes, and
envelope proteins.
6.) Viral proteins are processed by viral protease; some of the viral proteins are
moved to the host plasma membrane.
7.) Mature retrovirus leaves the host cell, acquiring an envelope and attachment
spikes as it buds out.
Viruses that induce cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Human papilloma viruses
(HPVs)
Adenoviruses
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV - commonly known as mono)
Pox viruses
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
Human T-lymphotrophic virus - 1 & 2 (HTLV - 1/2)
Acute infection - CORRECT ANSWER-Short, large number of virions when host
cell is invaded.
Example: influenza
Persistent/chronic infection - CORRECT ANSWER-Slow and long, increase in
number of virions over a long period of time.
Example: HIV
Viral induced cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-First discovered in chickens in the
early 1900's. Caused leukemia and sarcoma.
Accounts for up to 20% of all cancers in humans
Rouse-sarcoma virus - CORRECT ANSWER-Discovered by Rouse.
Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-Genes which have the ability to induce
cancer if altered (mutated).
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lydiaomutho. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
80435 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now