This document includes details that i noticed were asked often in the pastpapers so i have compiled them. Important points from the habers process, from equilibrium (chapter 9) and conditions etc. Also includes flame colors, catalytic cracking and some details about polymers.
Some topics that wer...
Chemistry Cambridge IGCSE Year 9 Class notes Stoichiometry, Quantitative Chemistry
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Titration: salts made by reacting a dilute acid with
an aqueous alkali.
In habers process, nitrogen is obtained from air.
When temperature reduced:
Explain why metals have a high melting point
There is a strong electrostatic attraction
Between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons
Which require lots of energy to overcome
Describe an alloy
Alloys are harder as the particles are different sizes
(because they are a mixture) meaning they are not in
layers and they can't slide over each other. (layers
disrupted)
Physical properties of ionic compounds: Boiling Point of Straight Chained Alkanes
As the length of the chain increases, the boiling point
does, more electrons, stronger intermolecular forces,
needing more energy to break
Bonding in potassium:
Metallic, lattice of potassium ions, sea of Fractional Distillation
electrons, attraction between potassium ions
and electrons separation of components, of a liquid into fractions
that differ in boiling points
Nitrogen has an oxide responsible for acid rain.
Boiling Point of Branched Alkanes
Neon had the highest rate of diffusion at r.t.p.
Carbon has an oxide found in clean, dry air. As no. of branches increase, the boiling point
Lithium has a red flame. decreases, fewer points of contact, weaker van der waal
Sodium has a yellow flame. intermolecular forces, needing less energy to break
Potassium has a lilac flame.
Catalytic Cracking
Structure of diamond: giant covalent
Silicon dioxide has a similar structure to diamond. high temp, slight pressure, zeolite catalyst, produces
Each carbon atom in a diamond has 4 covalent cycloalkanes, branched alkenes, aromatic
bonds. hydrocarbons (benzene), used as motor fuels
Arrangement of atoms in graphite:
layers, hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. Complete Combustion of Alkanes
Limewater is the CO2 test. alkane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
In a combustion reaction, a substance burns. Occurs in an excess supply of oxygen
Sodium is stored under oil so it doesn’t contact
air/oxygen/water. Unburned Hydrocarbons
Precipitation reaction: a solid forms from 2 Low level ozone, causes respiratory issues,
solutions. photochemical smog, reacts with NOx gasses to form
Sulfur ore: zinc blende low level ozone
Sulfur ore is converted into SO3 by roasting in air.
Pressure: 1-2 atm Catalytic Converter
Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide Fitted in cars to remove CO, NO and unburned
Photochemical reaction: needs UV light hydrocarbons, honeycomb structure (large surface
1 dm = 10 cm area) with a coat of a thin layer of Pt metal sprayed on
1 dm^3 = 1000 cm^3 (cost effective)
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