MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
with Complete Solutions
Nephrotic syndrome - -characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular
damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - -Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the
glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli
are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - -When a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a
portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - -An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - -Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response
that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
,Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this
forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to glomerular scar formation,
and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial
fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - -A common, nonmalignant enlargement of
the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - -cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - -History
physical examination
urinalysis
, renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - -An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or
both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - -inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - -cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most
frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - -Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
with Complete Solutions
Nephrotic syndrome - -characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular
damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - -Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the
glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli
are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - -When a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a
portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - -An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - -Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response
that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
,Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this
forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and
represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to glomerular scar formation,
and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial
fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - -refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - -A common, nonmalignant enlargement of
the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - -cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - -History
physical examination
urinalysis
, renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - -An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or
both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - -inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - -cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most
frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - -Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
