NU 327 Final Exam
Normal RBC count - ANS-Female: 4.2-5.4
Male 4.5-6.2
Normal WBC count - ANS-Female: 4500-11000
male: 5000-10,000
Normal Hematocrit - ANS-Female: 37-47%
Male: 42-52%
Normal HDL (protective levels) - ANS-Female: >55mg/dL
male> 45 mg/dL
Normal LDL - ANS-Beneficial: <100 mg/dL
harmful: >160 mg/dL
Normal Ejection Fraction (EF) - ANS-60-80%
Normal Hemoglobin - ANS-female: 12-16
male: 14-18
Normal sodium levels - ANS-135-145 mEq/L
normal potassium levels - ANS-3.5-5.0 mEq/L
normal total cholesterol - ANS-<200 mg/dL
Normal Troponin - ANS-<0.5 for Troponin 1 and <0.1 for Troponin T
Normal BNP level - ANS-<100 pg/mL indicates no heart failure
Normal PaCO2 range - ANS-35-45 mm Hg (Acid)
Normal Creatinine (reflects GFR for renal function) - ANS-Female: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Normal pH range - ANS-7.35-7.45
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - ANS-10-20 mg/dL (indirect measure of overall hydration)
Absolute pH - ANS-7.4
,Normal HCO3 range - ANS-22-26 mEq/L
Normal SaO2 - ANS-95-100%
Normal PaO2 levels - ANS-80-100 mmHg
normal BP range - ANS-120/80-140/90
Normal V/Q ratio - ANS-4:5 or 0.8
Diabetes mellitus type 1 - ANS-Dietary intervention (low carbohydrate) + insulin replacement
- a disease in which body does not make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels.
-Symptoms: increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision
treatment: insulin, diet, exercise
- happens mostly in adolescents
Diabetes mellitus type 2 - ANS-treatment: Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin
(if refractory)
- Body doesn't produce enough insulin or it resists insulin.
- symptoms: frequent urination, increased thirst, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision
Hypertension - ANS-High blood pressure, higher than 140/90
- creates severe complications like heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death.
may sometimes have no symptoms
-Blood Pressure is the force that a persons blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANS-rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys;
formerly called acute renal failure
- rapid kidney failure that can happen in hours or days.
- causes a build up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard For your kidneys to keep
the right balance of fluid in your body.
Symptoms: decreased urine output, swelling due to fluid retention, nausea, fatigue, and
shortness of breath.
heart failure (HF) - ANS-- condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough
blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen.
- symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, and rapid heartbeat.
- treatment: medicine( beta blocker, ACE inhibitior, vasodilator), less salt, limit fluid intake,
exercise, quit smoking.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - ANS-A group of lung diseases that block
airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
- Symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough.
,- main cause: smoking, air pollution, chemical fumes, dust
four stages: mild, moderate, severe, very severe
Medicine: bronchodilator, steroid, oxygen therapy
Asthma - ANS-A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing
difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.
- The EPR-3 guideline classification divides asthma severity into four groups: intermittent,
persistent-mild, persistent-moderate, and persistent-severe.
- Step 1 - mild intermittent asthma. Symptoms fewer than two times a week. Does not have
problems between flare-ups. ...
Step 2 - mild persistent asthma. Symptoms more than two times a week, but no more than once
a day. ...
Step 3 - moderate persistent asthma. Symptoms every day. ...
Step 4 - severe persistent asthma. Constant symptoms.
Emphysema - ANS-A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties.
- Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema,
the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken
and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.
chronic bronchitis - ANS-inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time.
- Acute bronchitis is often caused by a viral respiratory infection and improves by itself.
Symptoms of bronchitis include coughing up thickened mucus and shortness of breath.
Treatments usually includes soothing remedies to help with coughing, which may last weeks.
Antibiotics are not usually recommended.
myocardial infarction - ANS-the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque
buildup (heart attack).
- The usual cause of sudden blockage in a coronary artery is the formation of a blood clot
(thrombus).
Reproductive disorders - ANS-FSH and LH
Estrogen - ANS-A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In
nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual
receptivity.
- maintains skin and vessel function.
-increase blood coagulation
- exert control over other hormonal development via protein synthesis
, progesterone function - ANS-- stimulates development and maintenance of endometrium that
prepares it for implantation.
- supports pregnancy
- breast development
- lead to increased aldosterone
- increase basal body temp
Vaginitis - ANS-inflammation of the lining of the vagina
- brought on by bad hygiene, foreign bodies, intestinal parasites, STI, systemic antibodies.
- signs and symptoms: burning, itching, dysuris,dyspareania(painful sex) and malodorous odor.
vaginal cancer - ANS-malignant cells of the vagina
Associated with DES (diethylstilbestrol)administration to mother during pregnancy which ended
in the early 1970s; HPV
ii. Genetic risk
iii. Obesity, smoking, estrogen Rx
c. S&S - *abnormal bleeding- most common sign; pain, dysuria, constipation, vaginal discharge
cervical cancer - ANS-a. Etiology - strongly linked to HPV!
b. Risk factors - smoking, poor diet, multiple (2 or more) sexual partners, onset of intercourse at
a young age.
c. Long latent phase which ↑efficacy of the Pap smear.
d. S&S - abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge; if advanced disease - pain, fistulas, enlarged
local lymph nodes, hematuria
e. Rx - removal of the cancer
i. Electrocautery
ii. Cryosurgery
iii. Laser therapy
iv. Conization
v. Hysterectomy
vi. Radiation if advanced
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -Inflammatory disease of the upper reproductive tract - very
common - ANS-a. Etiology - young age, unmarried status, abortion, multiple sex partners, IUD,
failure to use contraception
b. S&S- abdominal pain, purulent discharge, fever, ↑sedrate, ↑WBC
c. DX - C-reactive protein, ultrasound, laparoscopy
phimosis - ANS-narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
smegma - ANS-thick, cheesy secretion that accumulates under the labia minora or the male
foreskin
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