(COMBINED) Pharmacology WEEK 1, Pharm Week 7 Quiz 4 *Cardiac*, Quiz wk 13, Pharm Exam 5 Antimicrobial Drugs Review, Wk 11 Quiz Pharmacology Review, Wk 10 Pharm (Endocrine Drugs), Wk 9 Pharm (Gastrointestinal Drugs), Wk 10 Pharm (Endocrine Drugs), Wk 9 Pha

(COMBINED) Pharmacology WEEK 1, Pharm Week 7 Quiz 4 *Cardiac*, Quiz wk 13, Pharm Exam 5 Antimicrobial Drugs Review, Wk 11 Quiz Pharmacology Review, Wk 10 Pharm (Endocrine Drugs), Wk 9 Pharm (Gastrointestinal Drugs), Wk 10 Pharm (Endocrine Drugs), Wk 9 Pharm. 2024/2025. Autonomy self-government Beneficence Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen Justice Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs Pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug Pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body Drug absorption movement of drug from site of administration into the blood Disintegration the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles Dissolution Combining small drug particles with liquid to form a solution first pass metabolism Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has been taken orally. Bioavailability the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient Factors that affect bioavailability -drug form -route of admin -GI mucosa and motility -food and other drugs -changes in liver metabolism Drug metabolism (biotransformation) -The metabolism of the drug by altering its chemical structure -Most drugs are metabolized by the LIVER Cytochrome P450 system (P450 system) ◦Drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver ◦Convert drugs to metabolites Prodrug A drug that is inactive in its given form and must be metabolized to its active form in the body, generally by the liver, to be effective. Drug half-life the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50% Steady state ◦Occurs at approximately 4 half-lives Loading Dose use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner Maximal efficacy the largest effect that a drug can produce Receptor theory most drugs produce their actions by activating or inhibiting specific cellular receptors Therapeutic Index the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug Agonists Activate receptors and produce desired response Partial Agonists drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses Antagonists (drugs) These drugs block the actions of neurotransmitters Nonspecific or nonselective drugs ◦Affect multiple receptor sites Cinnamon ◦Used to treat bronchitis, GI problems, anorexia, diabetes ◦May decrease blood clotting Echinacea ◦Stimulates immune system (treat colds, flu, infections) ◦Side effects-GI effects, allergic reactions Garlic ◦Used to lower cholesterol, blood pressure and reduce heart disease, preventing stomach and colon cancer ◦Side effects-heartburn, upset stomach, body odor, decreased blood clotting Ginger ◦Used for nausea, motion sickness, diarrhea, relieves pain, swelling, arthritic stiffness ◦Safe in pregnancy ◦Side effects-gas, bloating, heartburn, nausea Ginkgo biloba ◦Used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, tinnitus, sexual dysfunction, multiple sclerosis, to improve memory, decrease intermittent claudication ◦Side effects-headache, dizziness, nausea, GI upset, increased bleeding, allergic reactions. Ginseng ◦Improves well-being, stamina, and immune system, erectile dysfunction, hepatitis C, menopausal symptoms, lowers glucose and blood pressure ◦Side effects-headaches, GI distress, hypertension, hypoglycemia, breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, allergic reactions. Green tea ◦Improves mental alertness, relieves headache, protects against heart disease and cancer, promotes weight loss ◦Contains caffeine ◦Adverse effects-liver dysfunction Licorice root ◦Used for bronchitis, sore throat, stomach ulcers, viral hepatitis. ◦High doses can lead to salt and water retention, hypertension, low potassium level Kava kava ◦Used for relaxation and anxiety ◦Adverse effects include liver damage; dry, scaly, yellowing skin; eye irritation, heart problems Milk thistle ◦Used for hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallbladder disorders ◦Side effects include upset stomach, hypoglycemia, allergic reactions St. John's wort ◦Used for mental disorders, nerve pain, sleep disorders, malaria, wounds ◦Drug interactions-antidepressants (serotonin syndrome), birth control pills, cyclosporine, digoxin, indinavir, irinotecan, drugs for seizure control, and anticoagulants ◦Side effects include anxiety, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, fatigue, sensitivity to sunlight, GI problems, sexual dysfunction Turmeric ◦Used for heartburn, stomach ulcers, gallstones, inflammation, cancer. ◦High doses may cause nausea, diarrhea Valerian ◦Used for anxiety, headache, insomnia, tremors, depression, irregular heartbeat ◦Side effects include headache, dizziness, fatigue, stomach upset Patient Education o Do not take if taking prescription drugs without checking with heath care provider o Do not take if pregnant or nursing o Do not give herbs to infants/young children o Some herbal products can alter laboratory test results o Follow label instructions o Discontinue if side effects are disturbing and contact health care provider o Herbs may contain multiple compounds and not on label oDiscontinue herbal therapy 2 to 3 weeks before surgery Potassium**** - Primary intracellular cation - Normal serum range: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L - Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, acid base balance - Take with water; diluted via IV infusion pump; Not crushed; monitor K+, ECG, IV site - Fruits/Nuts/Spinach - S/S of excess: paresthesia of body parts - S/S of depletion: dysthymias - Affects T wave via ECG - Treatment: Dextrose + regular insulin IV, sodium bicarbonate, Kayexalate, dialysis Sodium - Primary extracellular cation - Normal serum range: 135 to 145 mEq/L - Conduction of nerve impulses; Reflects the ratio of sodium to water; WATER FOLLOWS SODIUM! - Replace sodium with IVF: NSS or hypertonic saline if severely lo - requirement: 2000 mg to 4000 mg daily - S/S of excess: elevated BP and T; neurovascular issues - S/S of depletion: Altered mental status; cerebral edema - Treatment: free water, sodium restriction, diuretics Calcium - Mineral and extracellular cation - Normal serum range: 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL - Transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of skeletal and heart muscles; Formation of bones and teeth