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5 stages of minority influence - Consistency, Draw attention to a cause or issue, Augmentation Principle, Snowball Effect and Cognitive Conflict ABC model - A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotion. Abnormal brain circuits - ...

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  • June 30, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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A-level Psychology AQA Paper 1

5 stages of minority influence - ✔✔Consistency, Draw attention to a cause or issue, Augmentation
Principle, Snowball Effect and Cognitive Conflict

ABC model - ✔✔A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of
irrational beliefs on emotion.

Abnormal brain circuits - ✔✔Several areas in the frontal lobes of the brain are thought to be abnormal
in people with OCD.
The ca udate nucleus (CN) should suppress signals from the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In turn, the OFC
sends signals to the thalamus about things that are worrying. When the CN is damaged, it can't supress
minor worry signals, so the thalamus is altered and send s signals back to the OFC, creating response.
> Supported by PET scans.
> Serotonin and dopamine levels are linked tot these areas.

Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters - ✔✔Dopamine levels are thought to be abnormally high in people
with OCD. Lower level s of serotonin are associated with OCD.

Activating event - ✔✔The A in Ellis' ABC model

Agentic state - ✔✔A person sees himself/herself as an agent for carrying out another persons wishes.
People allow others to direct their actions, and then pass off res ponsibility for the consequences to the
person giving orders.

Ainsworth's strange situation - ✔✔1971, 1978. A controlled observation designed to test attachment
security. Observations of separation from caregiver, reunion with the caregiver, response to a stranger
and testing the secure base concept in a new environment.

Allen and Levine 1969 - ✔✔1969. Studied whether the response position of the person providing social
support made any difference to the participant resisting the majority. Social support 1st was more
effective than social support 4th when there were 4 confederates and the participant answering 5th.
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Allen and Levine 1971 - ✔✔1971. Looked at whether social support that was not particularly valid would
also be effective in helping participan ts resist conformity. Valid social support reduces the amount of
conformity more than invalid social support even though both have an effect.

Alloy and Abrahmson - ✔✔1979. Suggest that depressive realists tend to see things for what they are
(with normal people tending to view the world through rose -tinted glasses). They found that depressed
people gave more accurate estimates of the likelihood of a disaster than 'normal' controls.

Anti-anxiety drugs - ✔✔Slow down the activity of the central nervous syste m by enhancing the activity
of GABA.

Anti-conformity/Counter -conformity - ✔✔Acts opposite to rules (purpose)

Anxiety - ✔✔An unpleasant emotional state that is often accompanied by increased heart rate and rapid
breathing (physiological arousal)

Articula tory process - ✔✔Part of the phonological loop. The inner voice. Used for words that are heard
or seen. These words are repeated, like an inner voice. This is a form of maintenance rehearsal.

Asch - ✔✔1956. Tested conformity. Tested 123 male US undergraduates. Groups of all but one
confederate. Asked to identify the two of three lines that were the same length. The real participant
answered second to last. In different conditions ("critical tri als" 12/18 trials) the confederates were
instructed to give the same incorrect answer. On the 12 critical tasks the average conformity rate was
33%. ¼ never conformed in any of the critical trials. ½ conformed in six or more of the critical trials. ¹∕₂₀
conformed in all 12 critical tasks. In control conditions (confederates not answering wrong) participants
made mistakes about 1% of the time.

Attachment - ✔✔An emotional bond between two people. It is a two -way process that endures over
time. It leads to ce rtain behaviours such as clinging and proximity seeking, and serves the function of
protecting an infant

Attention - ✔✔MSM
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This is the first step in remembering something. In order for the information to be transferred from the
sensory store to the STM th is has to be focused.

Augmentation principle - ✔✔If a minority appears willing to take risks or suffer for their cause/views
then they are more likely to be seen as committed and taken seriously

Authoritarian aggression - ✔✔Aggressive feelings towards pe ople who violate conventional norms

Authoritarian personality - ✔✔A distinct personality pattern characterised by strict adherence to
conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or submission to authority.

Authoritarian submission - ✔✔Uncritic al submission to legitimate authorities

Autonomous state - ✔✔People direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the results of
those actions.

Banuazizi and Movahedi - ✔✔1975. Argued that the behaviour of Zimbardo's guards and prisoners was
not due to their response to a 'compelling prison environment', but rather to the characteristics in the
experimental situation itself.

BBC prison study - ✔✔2006 . Tried to recreate the results of the Stanford prison experiment. Broadcast
on tv. Particip ants did not confrom automatically to social roles.

Beck - ✔✔1967. Believed that depressed individuals feel as they do because their thinking is biased
towards negative interpretations of the world, and they lack a perceived sense of control. Negative
triad.

Behavioural characteristics of depression - ✔✔Shift in activity level, either reduced or increased. Sleep
may be affected. Appetite may be affected.

Behavioural characteristics of OCD - ✔✔Compulsions - May be repetitive or unconcealed acts (such as
hand washing or checking), mental acts (such as praying or counting). Feel they need to perform these Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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