C888 cellular and molecular bio WGU

Carbohydrates monomer - answer-Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Simple Carbohydrates - answer-Easily broken down: 1-2 linked sugars ( monosaccharides): fruits, vegetables, dairy, honey Complex carbohydrates - answer-Long to digest: 3-10 linked sugars (oligosaccharides), 11+ (polysaccharide): starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables Lipids - answer-Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids functions - answer-Promoting brain function, providing insulation and protective cushioning for organs. Support body's immune system. Nucleic acids - answer-Long polymer chains of ribonucleic acids (RNA) or DNA Nucleic acid monomer - answer-Phosphate, a sugar (nucleotide), and a nitrogenous base 5 nucleotides are - answer-(A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine (U) uracil DNA nucleotide - answer-Thymine RNA nucleotides - answer-Uracil DNA and RNA nucleotides - answer-Adenine Cytosine Guanine Nucleotides function - answer-Responsible for all genetic coding in living organisms Types of protein molecules - answer-Globular (compact, soluble, + spherical) Fiberous (elongated + insoluble) Primary protein structure - answer-Unique sequence of amino acids are linked together to form a protein. A carbon + hydrogen + carboxyl group + amino acid group = a variable group or "R" group secondary protein structure - answer-coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids Types of secondary protein structure - answer-alpha helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary protein structure - answer-3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions hydrophobic interactions - answer-a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. Avoid water. hydrogen bonding - answer-the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule. Helps to stabilize protein structure disulfide bonds - answer-Strong chemical side bonds that can only be broken by chemical solutions Quaternary protein structure - answer-association between two or more polypeptide chains within one protein. Ex: hemoglobin contains 4 subunits= 2 alpha + 2 beta Prophase - answer-first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses (so that it's easier to distribute to daughter cell with less tangling) and the chromosomes become visible. sister chromatids - answer-Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase. mitotic spindle - answer-a structure that separates the duplicated chromosomes during anaphase Prometaphase - answer-The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Units of the nuclear envelope are reserved in vesticles to be used later to assemble nuclear envelope for daughter cells. Metaphase - answer-the duplicated chromosomes line up on the mid plane and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres Metaphase to anaphase - answer-The remaining cohesion proteins joining the sister chromatids at their centromere Anaphase (Mitosis) - answer-sister chromatids are pulled apart Chromatids into chromosomes Telophase (mitosis) - answer-chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to uncoil, spindles break down, new nucleur membrane forms. Cytokinesis - answer-Begins in Telophase. division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Last step in M phase. G1/S checkpoint (restriction point) - answer-1st key checkpoint Checks: Enough nutrients? Receiving reproductive signal (growth factor)? Sufficient cell size? DNA undamaged? Will not allow synthesis to begin G2-M checkpoint - answer-The second cell-division control point, at which division can be delayed if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged. 4 phases of cell cycle - answer-G1- gap 1 phase S- synthesis G2- gap 2 phase M- mitosis metaphase to anaphase checkpoint - answer-ensures that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle and aligned properly at the equator of the cell protein kinase - answer-enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them Cyclin - answer-Cyclin dependent kinases active only when they bind tightly to regulatory proteins G2 to M phase: control system triggers - answer-1. Cyclin is synthesized and accumulates 2. Cyclin dependent kinases (cdk)associates with cyclin, forming Mitosis (cdk) and a cdk complex 3.M-cdk phosphorylates proteins, activating those that facilitate mitosis and inactiving those that inhibit mitosis. activated enzyme complex recognizes a specific amino acid sequence in cyclin and targets it for destruction. 5. When cyclin is degraded M-cdk activity is terminated and the cells formed by mitosis enter G1 6. Cdk is not degraded but is recycled and reused DNA replication steps - answer-1) Helicase- unwinds the parental double helix 2) DNA topoisomerase - upstream of helices alleviating torsional strain 3) Single-strand binding proteins (SSBP) stabilize unwound DNA, aided by DNA gyrase. 4) Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA polymerase to bind to in