To what extent is the Aeneid a praise / encomium of Augustus?
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Course
Classical Literature in translation (CLTR08008)
Institution
The University Of Edinburgh (ED)
2750 word essay on "To what extent is the Aeneid an encomium of Augustus?"
Received a first (75/100) mark and includes an intensive range of sources - perfect for those studying A-level Classical Civilisation or studying Homeric epic - large range of examples and clear structure of argument.
To what extent can the Aeneid be considered an encomium of Augustus? (2750 words)
Parry's assertion that the Aeneid possesses "a public voice of triumph and a private voice of
regret"1 encapsulates the nuanced complexity of Virgil's epic. Whilst superficially appearing as
an encomium of Augustus, an examination reveals Virgil's subtle criticisms of the emperor and
his regime, combined with his reflections on the toll of empire-building and the downfall of the
Republic. The tradition surrounding Augustus's alleged commission of Virgil to compose the
Aeneid as a grand epic to rival Homer and glorify his reign,2 combined with its widespread
inclusion in Roman education, reinforces the perception of the Aeneid as an encomium.
However, Virgil's astute awareness of his impact on the Roman elite3 prompted him to strike a
delicate balance in his criticisms4. Obscure enough to evade overt censure yet discernible enough
to resonate with those wielding influence, Virgil's artful dissent adds depth to his magnum opus.5
Jupiter's speech to Venus6 is a pinnacle of optimism, envisioning a radiant future for Rome under
the Caesars. By attributing this prophecy to Jupiter, whose decision is irrevocable and his explicit
desire, Virgil portrays Augustus's reign as divinely sanctioned, imbuing it with cosmic
legitimacy. Divination held significant sway in political circles7, and such prophecies served as
tools for justifying rulers' actions.8 Jupiter's declaration cements Augustus’ position as a chosen
leader, destined to fulfil Rome's grand destiny. He foretells Caesar's endless glory with spoils
from the East, his eventual deification, and the cessation of all wars with the closing of the Gates
1
Parry (1963) p.79
2
McAuley (2017) p.1-2
3
Syed (2008) 13-14
4
McAuley (2017) p.28-29
5
Cox (1997) p. 328
6
Aeneid 1.257-96
7
Stahl (1998) p.21-36
8
O’Hara (2014) p.128
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