1. Which nurse most likely kept records on sanitation techniques and the effects on health?
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Mary Nutting
c. Clara Barton
d. Lillian Wald
ANS: A
Nightingale was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist. Her statistical analyses connected poor
sanitation with cholera and dysentery. Mary Nutting, Clara Barton, and Lillian Wald came after
Nightingale, each contributing to the nursing profession in her own way. Mary Nutting was
instrumental in moving nursing education into universities. Clara Barton founded the American
Red Cross. Lillian Wald helped open the Henry Street Settlement.
DIF:Understand (comprehension)
OBJ:Discuss the influence of social, historical, political, and economic changes on nursing
practices.
TOP: Evaluation MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance
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2. The nurse prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcome. Which
standard of nursing practice is the nurse following?
a. Assessment
b. Diagnosis
c. Planning
d. Implementation
ANS: C
In planning, the registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to
attain expected outcomes. During assessment, the registered nurse collects comprehensive data
pertinent to the patient’s health and/or the situation. In diagnosis, the registered nurse analyzes
the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or issues. During implementation, the registered
nurse implements (carries out) the identified plan.
DIF:Understand (comprehension)
OBJ:Discuss the development of professional nursing roles.TOP: Planning MSC: Management
of Care
3. An experienced medical-surgical nurse chooses to work in obstetrics. Which level of
proficiency is the nurse upon initial transition to the obstetrical floor?
a. Novice
b. Proficient
c. Competent
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d. Advanced beginner
ANS: A
A beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which there is no previous level
of experience (e.g., an experienced operating room nurse chooses to now practice in home
health) is an example of a novice nurse. A proficient nurse perceives a patient’s clinical situation
as a whole, is able to assess an entire situation, and can readily transfer knowledge gained from
multiple previous experiences to a situation. A competent nurse understands the organization and
specific care required by the type of patients (e.g., surgical, oncology, or orthopedic patients).
This nurse is a competent practitioner who is able to anticipate nursing care and establish long-
range goals. A nurse who has had some level of experience with the situation is an advanced
beginner. This experience may only be observational in nature, but the nurse is able to identify
meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care.
DIF:Apply (application)
OBJ:Discuss the development of professional nursing roles.TOP: Evaluation MSC: Management
of Care
4. A nurse assesses a patient’s fluid status and decides that the patient needs to drink more
fluids. The nurse then encourages the patient to drink more fluids. Which concept is the nurse
demonstrating?
a. Licensure
b. Autonomy
c. Certification
d. Accountability
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