A level History Stuarts Essay Plan - Oliver Cromwell v Charles II dealing with issues.
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Course
Breadth study
Institution
AQA
Essay plan for the question 'In the years , Charles II dealt with religious issues more successfully than Oliver Cromwell did as Lord Protector 1653-58.'
Really tricky exam question - this essay plan is divided int themed paragraphs, with for and against arguments and the examples needed to writ...
In the years 1660 to 1678, Charles II dealt with religious issues more successfully than Oliver
Cromwell had done as Lord Protector in the years 1653 to 1658.
Charles 2 dealt with it better, had more stability during his reign, due to the restoration of the
Anglican church. Cromwell’s increased toleration frightened the population as they began to
desire order and stability.
Para 1 - Foreign policy
● Clarendon code suppressed Presbytarians in scotland 1660s
● Scotland and ireland repressed
★ Treaty of Dover 1670 - Charles II alliance with French King Louis XIV - Secret Clause -
restore Catholicsm
★ 1672 -1674 Third Anglo Dutch war
★ Western Design 1655 - war on spain, england gains jamaica
Charles II less successful as he sympathises with french catholic
Para 2 - Threat of Catholism - Charles was pro catholic
● 1673 and 1678 Test Acts - CII passed, banned catholics from office
● Irish Catholics suppressed under protectorate 1650-51
★ James Duke of York - 1670s
★ CABAL 1667-1673 - some catholic
★ Declarations of indulgence under charles wanted to increase catholic tolerance
★ Popish plot 1678
★ CII married to Catherine of Braganza - catholic
★ Catholics in court - mistresses
Judgement: Charles was less successful as he was pro catholic - to an extent
Para 3 - Conformity to the Anglican Church/ political support
● CII success in restoring Anglican Church - Clarendon Code.
● 1665 Five Mile Act - limits freedom of dissenting preachers
● 1662 Act of uniformity - restoration of bishops and prayer book.
● 1662 Quaker Act
● 1664 Conventicles Act - banned meetings of more than 5 people.
● More than 4000 died in prison - quakers.
● Toleration act 1650 - Instrument of Government 1653 (constitution)
● 1656 James Nayler - second protectorate parliament wanted his executed
● 1655 Major Generals - banning pubs and enforcing the sabbath - puritanism
Toleration was always a cause of political problems under Cromwell - Charles II more stable
★ Protectorate repressed Nayler - 1656 Blasphemy Act - limits to toleration
★ CII 1662 and 1672 Declaration of Indulgence - tries to introduce Catholic tolerance.
Charles II was more successful at getting conformity to the Anglican church, restored bishops
and stability, whereas religious toleration caused political tensions under Cromwell’s
protectorate.
In conclusion it is clear that Charles II dealt with religious issues more successfully that Oliver
Cromwell, as the restoration of the Anglican church reintroduced a level of stability to England.
Cromwell’s increased religious toleration was a source of political tension and general instability
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