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NSG 533 | NSG533 EXAM 4 Questions and Answers Graded A+ | Latest 2024 | Wilkes
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- NSG 533
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- Wilkes University
NSG 533 | NSG533 EXAM 4 Questions and Answers Graded A+ | Latest 2024 | Wilkes
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NSG 533 | NSG533 EXAM 4 Questionsand Answers Graded A+ | Latest 2024 |
Wilkes
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER idiopathic
and cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER the new number of cases in a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER number of cases, both
old and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state 4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER 2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER 36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be impaired? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxia 2.
ischemia - ANSWER reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER obstruction --
> ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP production - ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP production -
ANSWER glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is
decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - ANSWER unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
what are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER highly reactive forms of oxygen typically from the mitochondria why are antioxidants important - ANSWER protect cells from free radicals and ROS
are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER decreased :(
what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER 1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
define oxidative stress - ANSWER Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
two endogenous accumulations - ANSWER 1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
define reperfusion injury - ANSWER when blood flow is restored to ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) - ANSWER 1. oxidative stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
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