PSL 311L Final Exam Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
PSL 311L
Institution
PSL 311L
Convulsions a sudden, violent, irregular movement of a limb or of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles
Hyponatremia - causes? Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amou...
PSL 311L Final Exam Review Questions and Correct Answers Convulsions ✅a sudden, violent, irregular movement of a limb or of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles Hyponatremia - causes? ✅Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. Red Cell Crenation ✅A process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface. Brownian Motion ✅the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium. Osmosis ✅a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. Hypertonic/Hypotonic/Isotonic ✅Hypertonic - having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid Hypotonic - having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid Isotonic - a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution Lysis ✅the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane. How does temperature influence diffusion? ✅Higher temps increase the rate of diffusion. Greater net movement of fluids in high temps due to Brownian motion. How does size influence diffusion? ✅Increasing the surface area of the cell membrane and reducing the distance needed for diffusion to occur also helps increase the rate of diffusion. How does the medium influence diffusion? ✅The thicker the membrane, the harder it will be to diffuse through. How does concentration influence fluid movement into/out of cells? ✅The rate of diffusion depends on the difference between concentrations across the host material, with higher concentration differences resulting in higher diffusion rates. When might patients be given hyper/hypo/isotonic IV solutions? ✅Hypertonic solution administered for someone with low sodium levels. Hypotonic solution administered for someone with high sodium levels. Isotonic solution for someone to increase the EXTRACELLULAR fluid volume due to blood loss, surgery, dehydration, fluid loss that has been loss extracellularly. Action potential ✅the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. Acetylcholine ✅a compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter. Neuromuscular Junction ✅is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Nicotinic receptors ✅proteins that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. trigger rapid neural and neuromuscular transmission. Found in the NMJ. Cation -selective ion channels ✅some channels may be permeable to the passage of more than one type of ion, typically sharing a common charge: positive (cations) or negative (anions). Acetylcholine Esterase ✅the enzyme which breaks up acetylcholine into acetate and choline Stimulus artifact ✅a component of a signal that is recorded during the stimulus, its source is the stimulus itself but it has nothing to do with the response. Evoked response ✅an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system of a human following presentation of a stimulus Nerve impulse ✅a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber. It consists of a wave of electrical depolarization that reverses the potential difference across the nerve cell membranes. Describe the physiological events that occur between the delivery of a stimulus and recorded EMG response ✅An action potential (AP) travels down the axon of a motor nerve. The AP opens calcium channels on the axon terminal. The influx of calcium causes acetylcholine to bind to the axon terminal membrane, thus causing acetylcholine to bind to the nicotinic recep tor at the effector site. Once that occurs, cation selective ion channels open up allowing sodium to move into the nueromusuclar junction causing the medial nerve to depolarize causing the evoked response. Lastly, reuptake will occur allowing for the extra acetylecholine to be reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron, and once the stimulus stops acetylcholine esterase will be responsible for removing any of
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