Exam (elaborations)
USABO 2022 mass deck.
- Course
- Institution
USABO 2022 mass deck.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
lydiaomutho
Content preview
USABO 2022 mass deckMycorrhizae - correct answer-Symbiotic organisms (aka symbionts) with plants that live on
their roots, helping the plant gain nutrients
Nerve net - correct answer-A nervous system that moves neural signals in all directions from
the stimuli, found in invertebrates like hydra
Malpighian tubules - correct answer-Tubes in an insect that help with osmoregulation and
excretion; they move waste into the main gut for removal. "Kidneys" of arthropods, they
absorb ammonium and convert it into uric acid, then into the main gut for removal.
Nematocysts - correct answer-Specialized cells for stinging (like on jellyfish)
Contractile Vacuole - correct answer-A special type of vacuole in a cell which can contract
itself for osmoregulation
Flame cells - correct answer-Specialized cells for waste removal (excretion), found in simple
organisms like flatworms (specifically planaria)
Cambium - correct answer-One type of meristem tissue, which is inbetween xylem and
phloem
Divergent evolution - correct answer-Natural selection happening to only 1 group of a
common ancestor species, which makes the group become a different species
Lipid derived hormones: - correct answer-- Includes sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
- LIPIDS —> nonpolar —> insoluble in water
- Remain in circulation for a long time (1 hr); transported by blood proteins
- Are ketones (w/ ketone group) or alcohols (OH group)
- diffuse through the cell membrane
Amino-acid derived hormones: - correct answer-- Name ends w/ "-ine"
- VERY small hormones
- Made from tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp)
- Polar —> water soluble
Peptide hormones: - correct answer-- Made from polypeptide chains (like proteins)
- Binds to receptors on cell membranes
- Polar —> water soluble
Function of cortisol - correct answer-lowers immune defenses, raises the blood sugar level,
and inhibits the release of histamine (allergic reaction neurotransmitter)
Histamine - correct answer-- neurotransmitter
- released when IgE binds to mast cells
,- also released by eosinophils
- causes symptoms of allergic reactions (itchiness, contracted muscle, dilated capillaries)
ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone - correct answer-Secreted by pituitary gland
Peptide hormone
Facilitates CORTISOL production —> negative feedback loop
CRH / Corticotropin releasing hormone - correct answer-Secreted by hypothalamus (big
boss!)
Peptide hormone
Facilitates ACTH production
Monocyte - correct answer-Large white blood cell; precursor to macrophages
lymphatic organs - correct answer-spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils + adenoid,
appendix, peyer's patch (small intestine)
Kidney function - correct answer-HOMEOSTASIS - regulate blood volume/pressure, solute
concentration, pH
CELLS - stimulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin production
Erythropoietin (EPO) - correct answer-hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the
production of red blood cells by bone marrow
Path of blood in kidneys - correct answer-1. Renal arteries
2. Nephrons
3. Renal Vein
glomerulus & bowman's capsule - correct answer-Glomerulus --> sieve, lets toxins out of
blood
Capsule --> bowl, captures toxins (aka filtrate)
Continuous transcription & translation (at the same time) - correct answer-Prokaryotic cells
Polycistronic (one finished mRNA --> many proteins) - correct answer-Prokarytoic cells
Uses 70S ribosome - correct answer-Prokaryotic cells
Shine Dalgrono Sequence - correct answer-Sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that 30S subunit
of ribosome binds to
formylated Methienine (fMet) - correct answer-Start codon of prokaryotic cells
mRNA processing - correct answer-Eukaryotic cells
5`capping (weird guanosine)
3` polyadenlyation (AAAAAAA...)
Intron & exon splicing
,Monocistronic (one finished mRNA --> one protein) - correct answer-Eukarytoic cells
Uses 80S ribosome - correct answer-Eukaryotic cells
43S PIC (pre-initiation complex) - correct answer-Part of 40S ribosome subunit that binds to
eukarytoic mRNA (from the 5' cap)
Ribosome direction on mRNA - correct answer-5' to 3'
Kozak sequence - correct answer-plays a role in the initiation of TRANSLATION (mRNA
binding to ribosomes)
fancier start codon
NOT ribosomal binding site — that's the 5' cap
Chaperonins - correct answer-Protein complex that helps protein folding
Creates hydrophillic, safe environment to fold
Binds to parts of the polypeptide chain
Central nervous system - correct answer-brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system - correct answer-the sensory and motor neurons that connect the
central nervous system to the rest of the body
sympathetic nervous system - correct answer-fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system - correct answer-rest and digest
Unique properties of mammals - correct answer-Mammary glands
Hair (yes, only mammals have true hair!)
4-chambered heart
Lungs
Teeth variety
4 parts of an operon - correct answer-PROG
promoter (DNA sequence)
repressor (blocking protein)
operator (DNA sequence)
gene (DNA sequence)
lac operon - correct answer-allows lactose-digesting enzymes to form when:
1. lactose is high (lac repressor)
2. glucose is low (CAP site)
"ZendaYA"
lacZ —> lacY —> lacA
b-galactosidase —> lactose permease —> transacetylase
, lacZ - correct answer-encodes B-galactosidase
lacY - correct answer-gene that encodes lactose permease
lacA - correct answer-encodes transacetylase
Meristematic cells - correct answer-Plant version of stem cells
Can specialize into any other type of cells
Actively reproduce by mitosis
Found in:
1. apical (roots & shoots, primary growth)
2. lateral (cambium, secondary growth)
Parenchyma cells - correct answer-- Thin cell walls (b/c they only have 1 cell wall)
- Found in vascular bundles, leaves, and epidermis
- Loosely packed
- Can specialize into photosynthesis —> chlorenchyma cells
- Can specialize into opening/closing stomata —> guard cells
Collenchyma cells - correct answer-- Thicker cell wall, but only 1 cell wall
- Found in growing shoots & leaves
Sclerenchyma cells - correct answer-- Dead cells
- Have lignin & 2 cell walls
- Provide structure
Biomass pyramid - correct answer-Diagram representing the biomass in each trophic level of
an ecosystem
**can be inverted !!
Energy pyramid - correct answer-A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves
from one feeding level to another in a food web
**10% rule !!
Amphipathic - correct answer-having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
polar & nonpolar end
Ethidium bromide - correct answer-a DNA stain (indicator); glows orange when it is mixed
with DNA and exposed to UV light; abbreviated EtBr
cathode - correct answer-Negative electrode
anode - correct answer-Positive electrode
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lydiaomutho. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
74735 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now