MIC Exam 2 Study Questions and Answers Top Graded 2024
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Course
MIC
Institution
The University Of West London
Understand differences between catabolism / anabolism and what these reactions have to do with metabolism - anabolism: simple substances are synthesized, ENDERGONIC, needs input of energy, ex: peptidoglycan, enzymes, exotoxins
catabolism: breakdown of complex molecules, EXERGONIC, energy release...
MIC Exam 2 Study Questions and
Answers Top Graded 2024
Understand differences between catabolism / anabolism and what these reactions
have to do with metabolism - anabolism: simple substances are synthesized,
ENDERGONIC, needs input of energy, ex: peptidoglycan, enzymes, exotoxins
catabolism: breakdown of complex molecules, EXERGONIC, energy released
metabolism needs both, glucose is broken down via catabolism and the energy
from that is used to make enzymes via anabolism so that the bacteria can 'eat',
anabolic and catabolic reactions are coupled where catabolism will release energy
and an anabolic reaction will use it
Understand what a redox reaction is and what this type of reaction has to do with
metabolism. Be able to identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced. -
chemical reactions in which electrons are gained or lost
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
in metabolism NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced to NADH and FADH2 to serve as
electron carriers which will donate to ETC to create the h+ gradient outside of the
cell
Understand what ATP is and its significance in metabolism. - ATP is stored
energy, all anabolism needs energy to occur and all catabolism will create energy,
the goal of metabolism is to make ATP
,What are FADH2 and NADH? What is their role in metabolism? - FAD+ and
NAD+ are electron carriers, they are reduced in the steps of cellular respiration to
NADH and FADH2 (FAD2@ only from TCA cycle)
they are used to donate energy to the ETC, in fermentation they donate electrons to
glycolysis end products
aerobic cellular respiration - Aerobic respiration is a biological process that takes
energy from glucose and other organic compounds to create ATP.
ATP is then used as energy
Four stages: Glycolysis, formation of acetyl coA, the citric acid cycle, and the
electron transport chain
glycolysis (aerobic respiration) starting molecule, end product molecule, what is
produced in each pathway or sub pathway - all bacteria have this step, glucose--> 2
pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
4 ATP total but 2 are used, energy investment, cleavage, energy liberation, 10 steps
formation of acetyl coA (aerobic respiration) starting molecule, end product
molecule, what is produced in each pathway or sub pathway - 2 pyruvate --> 2
acetyl coA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
citric acid cycle (aerobic respiration) starting molecule, end product molecule,
what is produced in each pathway or sub pathway - 2 acetyl coA --> 2 ATP, 4
CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
oxaloacetate is also made to go into other anabolic processes
A lot of energy is bound up in bonds of acetyl CoA so the cycle will oxidize it and
produce electrons and load them onto the 2 carriers
ETC (aerobic respiration) starting molecule, end product molecule, what is
produced in each pathway or sub pathway - 10 NADH, 2 FADH2 --> water, 32-38
ATP
complex I, cytochrome c, complex II, complex III, ubiquinone??, complex IV,
ATP synthase
, NADH dumps electron and proton at complex I, FADH2 donates 2 electrons and
protons at complex II
The electrons starts to move through chain acting as a source of potential energy,
The electron causes a conformational change in complex I which allows 4 protons
to be moved outside of the cell to build up the gradient, electron moves through to
complex III and pushes 4 protons out, 2 out at complex IV, then reduces oxygen to
water
oxygen has the highest affinity for electrons out of all acceptors and therefore pulls
the electron so much that as the electron moves through the chain it will push a
high amount of hydrogens
Understand how aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation differ
and in what conditions each would be used. - aerobic: glycolysis, acetyl coA
synthesis, TCA cycle, ETC
anaerobic: glycolysis, acetyl coA synthesis, TCA cycle, ETC but with different
acceptors like NO3-, Fe3+, MN 4+, uranium selenium organic molecules, SO4 2-,
and CO2 for methanogens
fermentation: just glycolysis with regeneration of NAD+, use internal organic
electron acceptor meaning the molecule that will accept NADH is located in
cytoplasm and is organic in nature meaning it contains carbon, fermentation is not
respiration because there is no ETC
What are the electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration? What energetic
consequence do they have (in comparison to oxygen)? How does this influence a
bacteria's niche or competition? - NO3- → N2 makes 28-32 ATP
Fe 3+ → Fe 2+
Mn 4+ → Mn 2+
many types of electron acceptors like uranium, selenium, organic molecules
SO4 2- → H2S
CO2 → CH4 makes 2 ATP
none of these make as much ATP as oxygen because oxygen has the highest
affinity for electrons, this diversity of acceptors allows bacteria to inhabit every
niche on earth
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