PSYC1000 FINAL
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model 1960
reviewed what psychologists knew about memory and constructed the memory
model that bears their name
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shriffin
memory
Memory is a collection of several different systems that store information in different
forms for differing amounts of time
Memory describes encoding, storage, and retrieval oflearned information
Modal Model of Memory
Information flows through a brief sensory memory store into short-term memory,
where rehearsal encodes it into long-term memory for permanent storage. Memories
are retrieved from long-term memoryand brought into short-term storage for further
processin
Sensory Memory
memory store that accurately holdsperceptual information for a very brief amount of
time.
Stores
retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose
control processes
shift information from one memory store to another
attention
selects which information will be passed on to STM
encoding
process off toring information in the LTM system
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image
memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Lasts 5-10 secs
short term memory
memory store with limited capacity and duration - 30 seconds
the magical number
7 plus or minus 2
Capacity of STM summed up
STM can only rehearse 7 units of information before forgetting something
chunking
,organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
long term memory
memory store that holds information for extended periods of time if not permanently
tip of the tongue phenomenon
the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling
that it's just out of reach
proactive interference
first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember
to newer infroamtion
retroactive interference
the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have
not yet made it into long-term memory
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
working memory
active maintenance of information in short-term storage
central executive
the part of working memory that directs attention and processing
amnesia
memory problems in both directions- wipe old ones and prevent consolidation of new
ones
phonological loop
A component of working memory where we repeat verbal information to help us
remember it
visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember
visual information
cross-cortical storage
long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain,
rather than being localized in one region
declarative memories
memories we can readily state in words
episodic memories and semantic memories
nondeclaritive memories
actions or behaviors that you can remember and perform without awareness
procedural memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be
a neural basis for learning and memory.
Hebbs postulate: Neurons that fire together wires together
, Induced by repeated and intense activation between 2 neurons
Involved NMDA receptors
consolidation
converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory in brain
reconsolidation
the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term
memories
maintenance rehearsal
A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself
elaborative rehearsal
a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information
meaningful in some way
shallow processing
more superficial properties of a stimulus such as sound or spelling of word
deep processing
items meaning or function
self reference effect
occurs when we think about how information relates to you or how useful it is o you
encoding specificity principle
retrieval is most effective when the conditions at time of encoding and retrieval are
same
Context-Dependant Learning
superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories
matches the retrieval context
state-dependant memory
The heightened ability to remember information when our internal state matches
those of when we learned/retained the information.
desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall
remembering
testing effect (retrieval practice effect/test-enhanced learning)
the finding that taking a practice test can improve cam performance even without
additional studying
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of
familiar physical locations
Schema
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