MCAT 2023
Phase Diagram
a graph showing the conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or
vapor
a line separates the regions that correspond to the solid and liquid phases. For most
substances, since the solid phase is denser than the liquid, this line has a positive
slope. This indicates that it is possible to convert the liquid substance into solid by
increasing pressure. Since the opposite is true for water, however, the line between
these regions has a negative - or downward-tilting - slope. This hallmark is one easy
way to distinguish the phase diagram of water from that of most other compounds.
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders
are present
bystander effect factors
individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
-less likely to notice danger in crowds
-take cues from others
-degree of responsibility is decreased
-cohesiveness of group
Deindividuation
when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts
toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the
group. doesn't have to be irrational.
normative social influence
behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Groupthink
,the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making
group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. leads to irrational decisions by a
group.
characteristics of group think
invulnerability, rationalization, lack of introspection, stereotyping, pressure, lack of
disagreement, self-deception, insularity
Irving Janis and groupthink
members of a group are so driven to reach unanimous decisions that they no longer
truly evaluate the consequences of their decisions
occurs when the groups making decision are isolated and homogeneous, there is a
lack of impartial leadership inside or outside the gorup, when there is a high level of
pressure for a decision to be made
Conformity
when someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up with the
perspective of others
compliance
when the person conforms but internally dissents
Conversion
genuine change in someone's beliefs
Asch Experiment
experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual
answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong, length of lines
compliance (requests)
responses to requests from someone with no power to enforce that request.
foot-in-the-door technique
asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger
commitment
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller
commitment
low-ball technique
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales
price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customer has agreed to
purchase the product
obidience
changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
Milgram Experiment
an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University,
to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure with
giving electric shocks
Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)
classic "experiment" where individuals were assigned to be guards / prisoners. w/in
days they took on their roles and went too far. Highly unethical
,social norms
rules, spoken or unspoken, that regulate behavior, beliefs, attitudes, and values of
members of society
social control
the way norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated
deviance
when someone doesn't follow a norm
formal vs informal norms
Formal:
-generally written down, like laws
-precisely defined, publicly presented and have strict penalties for violators
informal: generally understood but less precise and carry no specific punishment
Folkways
insignificant informal norms that involve small details, violating them does not cause
too much of a problem, example: fashion, wearing socks with sandals
mores
informal norms, which incur severe disapproval when violated. ex: cheating on
romantic partner
taboos
even more restrictive norms that generate extreme disapproval. Ex: cannabalism,
incest. Driven by culture. Some are forbidden by law and some aren't.
Anomie
Refers to situation where there is a poor match between society's stated norms and
the norms that an individual responds to
sanctions
punishment or negative consequences for violating a social norm. Rewards for
following social norm.
adding a solute to water will ----- bp and ----- mp,
increase; lower
differential association theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they
are exposed to, and deviance is learned socially, draws from symbolic interactionism
labeling approach
focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as a deviant.
Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory)
the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
secondary deviance (labeling theory)
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of
your new, deviant label, the stigma attached to it and people's expectations of you
strain theory
focuses on the role of social and economic pressures towards deviance. Says that
some people would commit crime under straining conditions.
Socialization
, how we learn informal and formal norms by interacting with other people and
insitutions
agents of socialization
family, education system, mass media, peers, workplace
Fads
a new behavior that suddenly becomes extremely popular, then fades
mass hysteria
irrational fear of a perceived threat, verging on the point of a collective delusion
riots
characterized by large # of people who engage in dangerous behavior, such as
vandalism, violence, or other crimes. Deindividation, loss of self identity, occurs.
Often violent and targeted against an established institution or authority figure.
peer pressure
influence from members of one's peer group.
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Halophiles
"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations
What to the numbers on the bottom of the Element on MCAT Periodic table mean?
the molar mass of the element in grams/mol
How many grams are in a kilogram?
1000
What is molarity?
mol/L
A mole
a number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023)
a 1 M solution of glucose contains
6.02 × 1023 molecules of glucose in each liter of solution.
millimolar (mM)
10^-3 M
micromolar (µM)
10^-6 M
nanomolar (nM)
10^-9 M
If a person drank a large quantity of hypersaline ocean water, the person could die
because absorption of salt into the blood will cause it to become:
hypertonic compared with the cytosol of the body's cells, causing osmosis of water
out of the cells.
Does NaCl readily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer? What does and why?
No, but water does, through osmosis which establishes isotonic solution on both side
of the membrane
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
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