PSYC 228 EXAM NEWEST 2024
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 400
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS)
, - 1: Nature vs Nurture: Nature is that we think of as pre-
wiring and is influenced by genetic in heritance and
other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the
influence of external factors after conception: example
the product of exposure, life experiences and learning
on an individual.
Nature: genes and hereditary factors, physical
appearance, personality characteristics.
Nurture: Environment variables, childhood eUxperiences
how we are raised by social relationships, surrounding
culture.
- 2: Continuity and discontinuity: Continuity view says that
change is gradual. Characteristics or features of an
individual that stays the same as person matures through
the lifespan. (ex: thinking talking, acting)
The discontinuity view sees development as more of
Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2
changes that produce different behaviors in different
1: Briefly describe the five
age-specific life periods called stages. Discontinuity
key issues associated with
view believes that people go through the same stages
the understanding of
the same order but not necessarily the same rate.
human development. Of the
3: Development stability & instability: Everyone develops
five issues, which ones do
at the same rate.
you find most compelling
Development instability: Individuals are developing
and why?
changing in different ways compared with one another.
(Different rate than their peers).
4: Normative events vs non-normative events: Normative
events refer to something that affects everyone in a
culture at the same time or an incident that matches the
sequential and historical events shared by the majority of
people.
Non- Normative event an incident that not happens to
everyone or that happens at a different time than
typically experienced by others.
5: Socio-cultural variation: Socio-cultural factors include:
· Gender: Expectations that a given culture associates
with a person's biological sex.
· Race: A way of categorizing humans that typically
,focuses on physical traits.
· Ethnicity: A specific set of physical, cultural,
, - Sigmung freud and his student Erickson introduced the
first psychodynamics theories and the idea that human
growth and motivation and progression are through
universal and developmental stages it also stresses early
life experiences in shaping and determining adult
personality and behavior.
- Levels of consciousness. Freud compared the mind to
an iceberg. Only about one tenth of our mind is
conscious and rest of the mind is unconscious.
Unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our
unconscious through a process called repression. He
thinks our personality develops from a conflict between
two forces: Our biological aggressive and pleasure
seeking drives versus or internal (socialized ) control
over their drives.
2: Describe the Theory of psychosexual development: Freud believed
psychodynamic approach that personality develops during early childhood. And if
on human development. we do not have proper nurturing and parenting during a
Compare and contrast the stage we will be stuck or fixated (obsessed with) in that
psychoanalytic theory of stage, even as adult.
Sigmund Freud with the Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
psychosocial theory of Erik - Erik Erickson ( Psychosocial theory eight stages)
Erikson. In each stage conflicting ideas must be resolved in order
for a person to be confident. Failure to master these will
lead to a deficiency in feelings.
1: Infancy: 0-1 : trust (mistrust)-> mother and caregiver->
resecure-> hope: trust and confidence.
2: Early childhood: 2-3-> Autonomy (doubt, shame) ->
parents -> be independent -> will: Use and exercise
freedom and self retraint.
3: Childhood: 4-6 -> initiative (guilt) - basic family -> be
powerful -> Purpose and distinction -> Ability to intimate
own activities, pressure goals.
4: Childhood: 7-12 -> industry (inferiority) ->
neighborhood (school) -> be good -> Competence in
intellectual, social and physical skills.
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