Summary
Summary Chapter 2 Psychology Peter Gray & David Bjorklund (7th edition)
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Summary of chapter 2 of the book 'Psychology' by Peter Gray
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
TEST BANK -- SUMMARY INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY, 8TH EDITION BY PETER O. GRAY (AUTHOR), DAVID BJORKLUND (AUTHOR)PART 1 (PB0014) -- SAMENVATTING INLEIDING TOT DE PSYCHOLOGIE, 8E EDITIE DOOR PETER O. GR...
-
Introduction to Psychology (Ch.1-16)
-
Samenvatting Psychology - Introductory Psychology and Brain & Cognition (7201702PXY)
Seller
Follow
JuliandeGroot
Reviews received
Content preview
Chapter 2About scientific methods applied to psychology
Clever Hans
Horse with some ‘human knowledge’ is NOT scientific
undermined by Oskar Pfungst
he found out the horse recognized visual signals (small head noddings)
3 essential ‘bricks’ in science:
1. Facts: objective observation is true
2. Theory: idea to (1) explain existing facts and (2) make predictions
3. Hypothesis: prediction about new facts that is made from theory
Lessons learned from Clever Hans:
1. The value of scepticism
Try not to prove correct, try to prove wrong
The simpler the explanation, the better
2. The value of careful observations under controlled conditions
3. The problem of observer-expectancy effect
Unintentionally communicating expectations
Unintentionally doing what the expert expects
Research Strategies
3 ways to categorize research strategies:
1. Research design
Experiments, correlational studies, descriptive studies
2. Setting
in which the experiment is conducted
3. Data-collection method
Self-report and observation
By varying these 3 you’ll have different research
Research Design
to test a hypothesis
1. Experiments
o Experiment : a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates variable
(while keeping all other variables constant!)
Most direct and conclusive approach
o Independent variable : the variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on
another variable
o Dependent variable : the variable that is hypothesized to be affected
Mostly: dep. Variable: behaviour indep. Variable: other factors
, Subject of the study = the people or animals that are studied
Two types of experiments:
1. Within-subject experiments
o the subject(s) are tested in each condition of the independent variable
2. Between groups experiment
o the manipulation of the independent variable are applied to different groups of
subjects
always randomly assign the subjects!
2. Correlational Studies
when experiments can’t be conducted (for ethical or practical reasons)
Correlational study : a study in which the researcher doesn’t manipulate variables, but
observes or measures two already existing variables to find relationships.
- can tell something about the relationship between two variables
Studies correlation, NO CAUSATION
3. Descriptive studies
= when the aim of the research is to describe behaviour of an individual (or set of
individuals) without looking for relationships between variables.
Research Settings
2 research settings:
1. Laboratory study = any study in which participants are brought to a specific area where the
conditions are in control of the researcher.
2. Field study = any study in which the researcher doesn’t have control over the conditions.
This can be at workplaces, at home, or natural environment.
Laboratory study Field study
Controlled conditions Uncontrolled conditions
Divergent behaviour possible The regular behaviour
o Subject knows from it o Subject has no idea
Experiments Correlational studies
Descriptive studies
Data-collection Methods
1. Self-report method = procedure in which people are asked to rate or describe their own
behaviour or mental state in some way.
o Questionnaires, interviews
o Introspection = type of self-report personal observations of thoughts, feelings etc.
Highly subjective
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller JuliandeGroot. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.24. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75057 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now