HONDROS BIO 117 3 EXAM NEW EST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 10 0 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT) /ALREADY GRADED A+ Anatomy of the Heart: Terms - ANSWER* cardiac output = HR x stroke volume; the amount of blood leaving the heart in 1 minute --- heart pumps about 5 L of blood per minute * venous return = rate of blood flow back to the heart * heart rate = how many times the heart beats per minute --- normal HR = 60 -100 bpm * stroke volume = amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat (volume ejected by ventricles) --- average resting stroke volume is 60 -80 mL/beat (~ 2 oz) Anatomy of the Heart: Location / Functions - ANSWER** the heart is a ho llow muscular organ found in the thoracic (pericardial) cavity; contained inside the mediastinum (i.e., space between lungs) and positioned in -between the two lungs, behind the sternum, and slightly to the left of the body's midline; "2 pumps in one" * base = upper flat portion of the heart; located at the level of the 2nd rib * apex = lower, more pointed end of the heart; located at the 5th intercostal space * precordium = the area of the anterior chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels ** pri mary function = to pump and force blood through the blood vessels, providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen; --- collects the deoxygenated blood from our body and pumping the blood to the lungs to get oxygenated; returns to heart t o be pumped to our entire body to be used by all the cells in the body (i.e., unoxygenated (oxygen poor) = blood to lungs; right heart; oxygenated (oxygen rich) = blood to body, left heart) Anatomy of the Heart: Coverings / Layers - ANSWER** the heart is made up of 3 layers of tissue (listed superficial to deep): * pericardium/pericardial sac = serous (double layer) membrane (sling -like structure) that support the heart; part of the pericard ial sac continuous with the epicardium; does not directly touch the heart but attaches or anchors the heart to surrounding structures (i.e., diaphragm, large blood vessels); --- visceral pericardium or epicardium (innermost layer closest to the heart; cov ers the heart) folds back to become the parietal pericardium (lines the cavity) that attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium --- between the visceral (epicardium) and parietal pericardium is a space called the pericardial space or cavity; serous fluid is secreted here which helps to lubricate the surfaces of the membranes, reducing friction and rubbing from the heart and surrounding organs when it beats * epicardium = also called the visceral pericardium; thin, outermost layer of the heart; helps form th e pericardium; part of the pericardial sac directly attached to the heart; covers the heart --- NOTE: although it is part of the pericardium, counts as the 3rd layer (outer layer) of the heart (ex: apple in a paper bag = heart is the apple, the epicardium/ pericardial sac is the paper bag) * myocardium = "middle" layer; thickest of the 3 layers; composed of cardiac muscle which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels; controlled by the autonomic nervous system (see "ANS and the Heart") --- myocardial fibers are striated and interconnected; encourages the rapid spread of the electrical signal over the myocardium and a well -coordinated and forceful muscle contraction * endocardium = "inside" or innermost layer; lines the valves and is continuous with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart; also called "endothelium" --- innermost layer of th Anatomy of the Heart: Chambers / Great Vessels - ANSWER** the heart has 4 chambers (one each in the right and left hearts): --- 2 atria = upper cha mbers that receive the blood into the heart; holding chambers (little cardiac muscle) --- 2 ventricles = lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart; ventricle walls are thicker because they must pump blood out of the heart; pumping chambers (all cardi ac muscle) ** right and left hearts are separated by 2 septa: --- interatrial septum = separate the right/left atria --- interventricular septum = separate the right/left ventricles * right atrium = thin -walled cavity that receives UNOXYGENATED blood f rom the superior and inferior vena cavae --- superior vena cava = collects blood from the head and upper body region --- inferior vena cava = receives blood from the lower part of the body * right ventricle = receives UNOXYGENATED blood from right atrium; primary function is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
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