Cost of retained earnings ( Bond Yield Plus Risk Premium) - ANS-Pretax cost of long term debt
+ Market risk premium
Growth Rate - ANS-( Return on assets * Retention)/ 1-( return on assets * Retention)
Retention - 1- Dividends Payout Rate
Return on investments - ANS-Profit Margin * Investment Turnover
Profit Margin - ANS-Net income/ Sales
Investment Turnover - ANS-Sales/ Invested capital
Return on Assets - ANS-Net Income/ Average total assets
Return on Equity - ANS-Net income/ average total equity
Financial Leverage - ANS-Average total assets/ total equity
Return on equity - ANS-financial leverage * return on assets
Return on equity - ANS-financial leverage ( asset turnover * net profit margin
Net Profit Margin - ANS-Net income/ revenue
Tax burden - ANS-net income/ pretax income
Interest burden - ANS-Pretax Income / Earnings before Interest & Taxes (EBIT)
Operating income margin - ANS-EBIT/Sales
Return on sales - ANS-Operating Profit / Net Sales
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