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Human reproduction involves several sequential processes starting from the formation of gametes
(sperms in males and ovum in females) to the birth of a baby. The major steps include
gametogenesis, insemination, fertilization, blastocyst formation, implantation, gestation, and
parturition. The following sections will detail each of these processes along with the structure and
function of the male and female reproductive systems.
2.1 The Male Reproductive System
Anatomy: the male reproductive system is in the pelvic region.
- Testes: Located in the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity, maintaining a temperature 2-2.5°C
lower than body temperature for spermatogenesis.
- Structure: Each testis is 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, divided into about 250 testicular lobules.
- Seminiferous Tubules: Each lobule contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperms
are produced.
- Cell Types: Inside the tubules, there are spermatogonia (male germ cells) and Sertoli cells. Outside
the tubules in the interstitial spaces are Leydig cells that produce androgens.
Accessory Ducts: major development and maturation of sperm takes place here
- Function: Store and transport sperms from the testes to the outside.
External Genitalia:
- Penis: Contains erectile tissue facilitating insemination. The glans penis is covered by foreskin.
Accessory Glands:
- Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Bulbourethral Glands: Their secretions form seminal plasma, aiding in
sperm motility and providing nutrients.
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