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Samenvatting - Algemene psychologie (1000489AER)
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ALGEMENE PSYCHOLOGIEINHOUD
Inhoud ............................................................................................................... 1
1. Wat is psychologie? ........................................................................................... 5
1.1. Wat is psychologie niet? ............................................................................... 5
1.2. wat is psychologie wel? ................................................................................ 5
1.3. ontwikkelingen die de psychologie mogelijk gemaakt hebben .................................. 5
1.3.1. filosofie ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.2. evolutietheorie ...................................................................................... 6
1.4. psychologische scholen ................................................................................ 7
1.4.1. structuralisme (europa) ............................................................................ 7
1.4.2. Functionalisme (VS) .............................................................................. 7
1.4.3. Gestalt psychologie (europa) ...................................................................... 8
1.4.4. Behaviorisme (VS) ................................................................................... 8
1.4.5. Psychoanalyse (europa) ............................................................................ 8
1.5. hedendaagse psychologie ............................................................................. 9
1.5.1. verschil psychiater en psycholoog ................................................................ 9
1.6. biopsychosociale benadering ......................................................................... 9
1.7. onderzoeksmethoden .................................................................................. 9
1.7.1. wetenschappelijke methode ....................................................................... 9
1.5.2. praktijkwetenschapper .............................................................................11
1.8. conclusie ...............................................................................................12
2. conditionering en leren .....................................................................................12
2.1. Wat is leren? ...........................................................................................12
2.2. Klassieke conditionering..............................................................................12
2.2.1. Pavlovreflex/associatieketen .....................................................................12
2.2.2. hogere-orde-conditionering / tweede-orde-conditionering ..................................12
2.2.3. kenmerken klassieke conditionering .............................................................13
2.2.4. fobieën ...............................................................................................14
2.3. problemen behavioristische interpretatie .........................................................14
2.3.1. contiguïteit ..........................................................................................14
2.3.2. conclusie.............................................................................................15
2.4. operante conditionering ..............................................................................15
2.4.1. thorndike’s puzzle box ............................................................................15
2.4.2. Skinner ...............................................................................................15
2.5. observerend leren .....................................................................................19
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, 2.5.1. wanneer gedrag geïmiteerd.......................................................................19
3. emotie en motivatie.........................................................................................19
3.1. emotie ......................................................................................................19
3.1.1. componenten van emotie ..........................................................................19
3.1.2. emotietheorieën ....................................................................................19
3.2. de lichamelijke component van emoties ..........................................................21
3.2.1. dimensies van emotie ..............................................................................21
3.2.2. emotionele expressie ..............................................................................22
3.3. motivatie ...............................................................................................23
3.3.1. motivatietheorieën.................................................................................23
4. Persoonlijkheid...............................................................................................25
4.1. Gemeenschappelijk ...................................................................................25
4.1.1. psychoanalyse .......................................................................................25
4.1.2. Humanistische psychologie........................................................................28
4.1.3. Behaviorisme ........................................................................................29
4.1.4. Cognitieve psychologie ............................................................................29
4.2. verschillen ..............................................................................................29
4.2.1. persoonlijkheidstypes ..............................................................................29
4.2.2. evaluatie:............................................................................................30
4.2.3. trekbenadering .....................................................................................30
4.3. persoonlijkheidsstoornissen ..........................................................................31
4.3.1. evaluatie.............................................................................................32
5. Waarneming ..................................................................................................32
5.1. waarneming = actief proces .............................................................................32
5.1.1. Ontbrekende gaten ..................................................................................32
5.1.2. retinaal beeld 2D ....................................................................................32
5.1.3. Perceptuele constantie .............................................................................33
5.2. Theorieën van waarneming ..........................................................................34
5.2.1. computationele theorie van marr ................................................................34
5.2.2. patroon- en objectherkenning ....................................................................35
5.2.3. top-down processen ................................................................................35
5.2.4. Waarneming bewegingen ..........................................................................35
6. aandacht en bewustzijn ....................................................................................36
6.1. selectieve aandacht ...................................................................................36
6.1.1. modellen van selectieve aandacht ...............................................................36
6.1.2. doel selectieve aandacht ..........................................................................37
6.1.3. beperkingen tgv selectieve aandacht ...........................................................37
6.2. verdeelde aandacht ...................................................................................38
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, 6.3. bewustzijn..............................................................................................38
6.3.1. Subliminale perceptie .............................................................................38
6.4. slaap ....................................................................................................38
6.4.1. Eeg ...................................................................................................39
6.5. hypnose .................................................................................................40
7. Onthouden en vergeten .....................................................................................40
7.1. achtergrond ................................................................................................40
7.1.1. verdeling herinneringen ............................................................................40
7.1.2. geheugenexperimenten .............................................................................40
7.1.3. Geheugenprocessen .................................................................................40
7.1.4. geheugeneigenschappen: ...........................................................................41
7.2. sensorisch register ....................................................................................41
7.2.1. iconisch geheugen ..................................................................................41
7.3. korte termijngeheugen ...............................................................................41
7.3.1. capaciteiten .........................................................................................41
7.4. Lange termijngeheugen ..............................................................................42
7.4.1. capaciteiten .........................................................................................42
7.4.2. expliciet en impliciet LTG ........................................................................42
7.4.3. oproepen LTG .......................................................................................42
7.4.4. vergeten .............................................................................................43
7.4.5. interferentie bij het oproepen ...................................................................43
7.5. geheugen verbeteren .................................................................................43
8. intelligentie ..................................................................................................43
8.1. Analytische intelligentie .................................................................................43
8.1.1. Intelligentietests .....................................................................................43
8.1.2. kenmerken van intelligentietests ................................................................44
8.1.3. Structuur analytische intelligentie...............................................................45
8.1.4. Stabiliteit IQ-scores ................................................................................46
8.1.5. Is intelligentie erfelijk? ............................................................................46
8.2. Praktische intelligentie ...............................................................................46
8.2.1. Sternberg ............................................................................................46
8.2.2. Testontwikkeling ...................................................................................46
8.2.3. Situationele beoordelingstest ....................................................................46
8.3. Sociaal-emotionele intelligentie ....................................................................47
8.3.1. Vragenlijst ............................................................................................47
8.3.2. Sociale situatietest .................................................................................47
9. Psychopathologie ............................................................................................47
9.1. mentale stoornissen ..................................................................................47
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, 9.1.1. statistisch .............................................................................................47
9.1.2. sociaal ...............................................................................................47
9.1.3. persoonlijk ..........................................................................................48
9.1.4. besluit................................................................................................48
9.2. perspectieven van mentale stoornissen ............................................................48
9.2.1. Biologisch .............................................................................................48
9.2.2. Psychologisch .......................................................................................48
9.2.3. Sociaal ...............................................................................................48
9.2.4. Biopsychosociaal model ...........................................................................49
9.3. classificatie mentale stoornissen ...................................................................49
9.3.1. DSM classificatie .....................................................................................49
9.4. autismespectrumstoornis.............................................................................49
9.4.1. geslachtsverschillen & Bias .........................................................................50
9.4.2. Theory of mind .....................................................................................50
9.5. Psychotische stoornissen .............................................................................50
9.5.1. Positieve symptomen ................................................................................50
9.5.2. Negatieve symptomen .............................................................................51
9.5.3. biologische behandeling ...........................................................................51
9.6. stemmingsstoornissen ................................................................................51
9.6.1. depressieve stoornis .................................................................................51
9.6.2. Bipolaire stoornis ...................................................................................51
9.7. Angststoornissen en obsessiefcompulsieve stoornissen ..........................................52
9.7.1. angststoornissen .....................................................................................52
9.7.2. Obsessief-compulsieve stoornis ..................................................................53
10. dissosiatieve stoornissen .............................................................................53
10.1. Dissociatieve amnesie: ............................................................................53
10.2. dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis ..................................................................54
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