CCJ5606 Exam Review | questions and answers 2024
must be systematically correlated w variation in Y
2. X must come prior to Y
3. X and Y must not be spuriously correlated - not due to some other factor
7. What article gives empirical evidence on social bonding establishing cau- sation?: Krohn &...
1. What is Social Bonding theory?: delinquent acts are the result of an individual's bond to society being
weak or broken. The stronger the bond the more likely they will follow the law. Bonds include
attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
2. Attachment: the extent to which we have close affectional ties to others, admire them, and identify
with them so we care about their expectations
- the more insensitive you are to others opinions, the less constrained you are to the norms shared with
them / more likely to violate
3. Commitment: The extent to which individuals have built up an investment in conventional society or a
stake in conformity that would be jeapordized by deviance
4. Involvement: Ones engrossment in conventional activities such as extracurricu- lars and spending
time with family
- too busy to engage in crime
5. Belief: Endorsement of conventional norms and values / believing that laws and rules are morally
correct and should be obeyed
- the less a person believes in the law, the more likely they are to not follow them
6. What three conditions must be satisfied to establish causation?: 1. X and Y must be correlated - variation
in X must be systematically correlated w variation in Y
2. X must come prior to Y
3. X and Y must not be spuriously correlated - not due to some other factor
7. What article gives empirical evidence on social bonding establishing cau- sation?: Krohn & Massey
(1980)
8. What did Krohn & Massey (1980) find?: - Direction of the social bonding independent variables effect on
its dependent variable is consistent for all variables except for commitment and attachment (attachment
was minimal or in opposite direction)
- social learning variables explain a moderate amount of Y
- bonds explain moderate amount of delinquency and better explains less serious crimes
9. What did Agnew (1991b) find?: Weak relationships between social bond vari- ables and delinquency
adn found that the relationship between bonds and delin- quency is mediated by strain and social
learning variables (Agnew, 1993)
10.What is social learning theory?: Crime is learned like any other behavior through differential
association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation
11.What is differential association?: Interaction with others who engage in crime where they are exposed
to different patterns of norms and values - source of defintions
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, CCJ5606 Exam Review | questions and answers 2024
12.What is definitions?: Ones own attitudes or meanings they attach to a given behavior
- positive, negative, or neutralizing
13.What is imitation?: Engaging in behavior after observing similar behavior in others
14.What is are the reliable empirical conclusions of social learning theory?: - independent variables are
strongly related to dependent variable - very little negative findings / moderate to strong relationships
(Pratt et al., 2010)
- effects of differential association even when controlling for spuriousness (Haynie & Osgood, 2005)
- greater support than theories it is compared to (Benda, 1994)
- strongest main effects when incorporated with variables from other theories (Ka- plan, 1996)
15.What did Pratt et al. (2010) find?: Four main social learning variables are strongly related to
crime in predicted direction of theory
- differential association and definitions have very strong effect + imitation has more moderate effect
16.What did Benda (1994) find?: Social learning theory has strongest support when compared to
other theories
17.What did Kaplan (1996) find?: Social learning variables have the strongest main effects when
incorporated with variables from other theories
18.What is a mediating variable?: Explains the effects of X on Y
- the effects of X on Y are explained by the mediating variables effect on Y rather than direct
relationship between X and Y
19.What is a mediating process?: Causal sequence in which the independent variable (X) affects the
mediating variable (Z) which in turn affects the dependent variable (Y)
20.What is theory of crime that incorporates a mediating variable?: Deterrence theory
21.What is deterrence theory?: States that legal punishments must be certain, severe, and swift in
order to be effective in preventing crime
22.What is certainty?: The probability that legal punishment will occur
23.What is severity?: Legal punishment must be severe enough to act as deterrent
24.What is celerity?: Punishment should occur quickly after the crime or detection of crime
25.What is an assumption in deterrence theory?: Actions are taken based on rational exercise of free will
and individuals choose to obey or violate the law based on risk of pain vs potential pleasure
- probable legal penalties and the likelihood of getting caught
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