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1Unit – 1
[Introduction to Software Engineering]
1.Software Engineering :
The term is made of two words, software and engineering.
Software is more than just a program code. A program is an executable
code, which serves some computational purpose. Software is considered
to be collection of executable programming code, associated libraries and
documentations. Software, when made for a specific requirement is
called software product.
Engineering on the other hand, is all about developing products, using
well-defined, scientific principles and methods.
Software engineering is an engineering branch associated with
development of software product using well-defined scientific principles,
methods and procedures. The outcome of software engineering is an
efficient and reliable software product.
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2. Software Engineering Body of Knowledge
The Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) is an international
standard ISO/IEC TR 19759:2005[1] specifying a guide to the generally accepted
Software Engineering Body of Knowledge.
The Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK Guide) has
been created through cooperation among several professional bodies and members
of industry and is published by the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE).
The standard can be accessed freely from the IEEE Computer Society.[3] In late 2013,
SWEBOK V3 was approved for publication and released.[4] In 2016, the IEEE
Computer Society kicked off the SWEBoK Evolution effort to develop future
iterations of the body of knowledge
3. THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SOFTWARE
Today, software takes on a dual role. It is a product and, at the same time, the vehicle for
delivering a product. As a product, it delivers the computing potential embodied by computer
hardware or, more broadly, a network of computers that are accessible by local hardware.
Whether it resides within a cellular phone or operates inside a mainframe computer, software
is an information transformer—producing, managing, acquiring, modifying, displaying, or
transmitting information that can be as simple as a single bit or as complex as a multimedia
presentation. As the vehicle used to deliver the product, software acts as the basis for the
control of the computer (operating systems), the communication of information (networks),
and the creation and control of other programs (software tools and environments). Software
delivers the most important product of our time—information.
Software transforms personal data (e.g., an individual’s financial transactions) so that the data
can be more useful in a local context; it manages business information to enhance
competitiveness; it provides a gateway to worldwide information networks (e.g., Internet) and
provides the means for acquiring information in all of its forms.
The role of computer software has undergone significant change over a time span of little
more than 50 years. Dramatic improvements in hardware performance, profound changes
in computing architectures, vast increases in memory and storage capacity, and a wide
variety of exotic input and output options have all precipitated more sophisticated and
complex computer-based systems.
The lone programmer of an earlier era has been replaced by a team of software specialists,
each focusing on one part of the technology required to deliver a complex application.
And yet, the same questions asked of the lone programmer are being asked when
modern computer-based systems are built:
1)Why does it take so long to get software finished?
, 3
2) Why are development costs so high?
3) Why can't we find all the errors before we give the software to customers?
4)Why do we continue to have difficulty in measuring progress as software is
being developed?
4. Changing Nature of Software :
The nature of software has changed a lot over the years.
1. System software: Infrastructure software come under this category like compilers,
operating systems, editors, drivers, etc. Basically system software is a collection of
programs to provide service to other programs.
2. Real time software: These software are used to monitor, control and analyze real world
events as they occur. An example may be software required for weather forecasting. Such
software will gather and process the status of temperature, humidity and other
environmental parameters to forcast the weather.
3. Embedded software: This type of software is placed in “Read-Only- Memory (ROM)”of
the product and control the various functions of the product. The product could be an
aircraft, automobile, security system, signalling system, control unit of power plants, etc. The
embedded software handles hardware components and is also termed as intelligent software .
4. Business software : This is the largest application area. The software designed to
process business applications is called business software. Business software could be
payroll, file monitoring system, employee management, account management. It may also
be a data warehousing tool which helps us to take decisions based on available data.
Management information system, enterprise resource planning (ERP) and such other
software are popular examples of business software.
5. Personal computer software :The software used in personal computers are covered in
this category. Examples are word processors, computer graphics, multimedia and animating
tools, database management, computer games etc. This is a very upcoming area and many big
organisations are concentrating their effort here due to large customer base.
6. Artificial intelligence software: Artificial Intelligence software makes use of non
numerical algorithms to solve complex problems that are not amenable to computation or
straight forward analysis. Examples are expert systems, artificial neural network,signal
processing software etc.
7. Web based software: The software related to web applications come under this
category. Examples are CGI, HTML, Java, Perl, DHTML etc.
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