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NUR 2060 Pharm Exam 2 (1).
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NUR 2060 Pharm Exam 2 (1).
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NUR 2060 Pharm Exam 2What is Primary Open Angle glaucoma? - ANS--gradual blockage of outflow of aqueous humor
(the fluid in front of the lens);
-results in gradual blindness
**most common (90% of patients)
What is Acute Angle Closure glaucoma? - ANS--abrupt closure that causes blindness within 1-2
days (without treatment)
What pathophysiology occurs in both types of glaucoma? - ANS-1) increase in intraocular
pressure (IOP)
2) decrease in blood supply to the optic nerve, causing blindness
Who is at high risk of developing glaucoma? If classifies as high risk how often should they be
screened? - ANS-Should be screened every 2 years:
-increased intraocular pressure
-African American (leading cause of blindness in black men)
-family hx
-advanced age
What are the pharmacologic classes of drugs that are used to treat glaucoma? - ANS-1. Beta
adrenergic blockers
2. Prostaglandin analogs
3. Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
4. others
What is the action of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for ophthalmic use? - ANS-decrease the
PRODUCTION of aqueous humor
Name some drug(s) that are Beta-Adrenergic Blockers for ophthalmic use? - ANS-"lol"
**timolol (Timoptic)**
-betaxolol (Betoptic)
-levobunolol (Betagan)
-metipranolol (Optipranolol)
,ADRs:
1. heart block leading to bradycardia
2. bronchospasm (leads to difficult breathing)
What is the action of Prostaglandin analogs for ophthalmic use? - ANS-increase the OUTFLOW
of aqueous humor fluid
What is the suffix of Prostaglandin analog drugs for ophthalmic use? - ANS-"prost"
dont need to know these but they are listed to show suffix:
latanoprost
travoprost
bimatoprost
What is the action of Alpha 2-Adrenergic agonists for ophthalmic use? - ANS-decrease
FORMATION of aqueous humor fluid
Name a drug that is an Alpha 2-Adrenergic Agonists for ophthalmic use? - ANS--brimondine
(Alphagan P)
There are other drugs that are used to treat glaucoma which are less common. Name 2 of them
and thier actions and side effects (if any) - ANS-1. **dorzolamide (Trusopt)**
-use/action: lowers IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma by decreasing production of
aqueous humor
-side effects: sting, bitter taste
2. **pilocarpine (Isoptocarpine)**:
-use/action: reduces IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma indirectly as a result of ocular
muscle contractions which widen the space and facilitates outflow.
What are the common drugs used for treatment of glaucoma? - ANS--timolol* (Timoptic)
decreases production of fluid
-dorzolamide* (Trusopt)
-pilocarpine* (Isopto Carpine)
What is mydriasis? - ANS-dilation of the pupil
What is cycloplegia? - ANS-paralysis of the ciliary muscle (eye)
When performing an eye procedure, where you need dilation and paralysis of the eye, what type
of drugs do you need? - ANS-mydriatics and cycloplegics (dilate and paralyze the eye)
,Name the drugs that are used for mydriasis and cycloplegia. - ANS-**atropine (Iso Atropine)
**scopolamine (Iso Hycosine)
In the drugs that are used for mydriasis and cycloplegia, which is contraindicated and for what
reason? - ANS--atropine is contraindicated in acute angle closure narrow angle) glaucoma
Name a drug that is a diagnostic aid and is also used to
stain the eye to help visualize foreign body and corneal abrasions. - ANS-fluorescein* (AK-
Fluor)
Drugs used to treat allergic conjunctivitis - ANS-1. Mast cell stabilizers*
2. H1 receptor blockers
3. H1 blockers plus mast cell staballizers
4. NSAIDs
5. glucocorticoids
6. decongestants
Name a mast cell stabilizer that is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis by preventing the release
of inflammatory mediators? - ANS-**cromolyn sodium (Opticrom)**
What is Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)? - ANS-a painless progressive disease that
blurs central vision and thereby limits perception of fine detail.
there are 2 kinds: dry and wet
What is the difference between dry Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and wet Age
Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)? - ANS--DRY ARMD:
first stage of disease process characterized by "drusen" formation (yellow deposits under the
retina)
-WET ARMD:
second stage of disease, more severe, and characterized by leaky new sub retinal blood
vessels
((vision loss occurs))
How do you treat dry Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)? - ANS-antioxidants and zinc
supplements; slows the process but does not cure
How do you treat wet Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)? - ANS--Angiogenesis
inhibitors
***ranibizumab (Lucentis)
, ***aflibercept (Eylea)
-both improve eye vision
-injected into eye and risk inflammation (rare)
Give example(s) of drugs used for eye dryness. - ANS--hydroxyropyl products (i.e. Isopto Plain,
Tears Naturale, and Lascrisert)
Give examples of drugs used for hard contact lenses. - ANS--petrolatum based products (i.e.
Artificial tears and Liquifilm tears)
How do you administer eye drops? - ANS--position hand on patients nose to steady hand
-use finger to make pouch with bottom lid
-place 1 drop in pouch and keep eye closed for a few minutes
OD, OS, OU - ANS-OD: oculus dexter (RIGHT eye)
OS: oculus sinister (LEFT eye)
OU: oculus uterque (BOTH eyes)
What are some important teaching methods when educating patients on administration of eye
drops? - ANS--use bright tape to label left and right eye drop bottles
What does asepsis mean? - ANS-A= without
without bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms
Medications used to treat ear disorders - ANS-1. anti-ineffectives
2. cerumenolytics
What anti-infective medications are used to treat otitis media (ear infections) ? - ANS-1.
*Polymyxin B*
2. *amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)*
PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATION:
vast majority of otitis media will resolve spontaneously within a week so prescribe antibiotics
conservatively.
Ceruminolytics that can be used to soften ear wax? - ANS--hydrogen peroxide
-mineral oil
-carbaminde peroxide (Cerumenex, Debrox)
AD, AS, AU - ANS-AD: auribus dexter (RIGHT ear)
AS: auribus sinister (LEFT ear)
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