This document an insight into Mendelian genetics. It contains notes and a summary from the AP biology book. Everything you would need to know and understand about Mendelian genetics is provided on this document; from punnet square to pedigree.
Drawing
from
the
Deck
of
Genes
●
Bledning
hypothesis
(false):
offspring
are
mixes
of
parents
trait
●
The
gene
idea:
Parents
pass
gene
to
offspring
and
it
retain
separate
identity.
●
Gregor
Mendel:
studied
sweet
pea
and
developed
the
theory
of
inheritance.
14.1
Mendels
experimental,
quantitative
Approach
●
Mendel
studied
in
Vinne
university:
■
Professor
Christian
Deppler
and
Franz
Unger
sparked
his
curiosity.
●
Mendel
choose
peas
because:
■
Varients
in
pea
plants
■
Character:
heritable
features
that
varies
among
individivual;
ex:
flower
color.
■
Trait:
each
variants
for
a
character;
ex:
purple
and
white.
●
In
nature,
pea
plants
self
pollinate.
●
For
cross
population,
Mendel
removed
stames
of
plant,
before
polen
as
produced
and
cross
pollinated
plants
with
a
brush
●
True-breeding:
ove
rmany
generation
of
self-pollination,
the
plants
that
produced
same
variety
as
parent
plants.
●
First
Mendle
cross
pollinated
tru
breeds
–hybridization-
P
(parental)
generation
●
Offspring
(hybrid)
are
called
F1
generation.
●
Next
gentian
if
known
as
F2
generiaotn
and
so
on.
●
Two
fundapmenal
principle
of
heredity
from
Mendel
experiment:
○
Law
of
segregation
○
Law
of
independent
assortment
Law
of
segregation
●
Duing
gamete
formaiton,
allele
separate
randomly
in
each
gamets.
●
Recessive
gene
(white)
coexists,
but
is
hidden
in
presence
of
dominante
gene
(purple)
Mendels
Model
●
First:
○
Alternative
version
of
gene
accounts
for
variation
in
inherited
characters.
○
Allel:
alternative
version
of
the
same
gene
in
chromosomes.
○
Locus:
the
specific
location
where
an
allel
is
found
○
Purple
allel
codes
for
purple
pigment;
white
doesn’t
●
Second: ○
For
each
character,
an
organism
inhites
two
copies
(two
allel)
of
a
gene,
one
form
each
parent.
○
Each
diploid
cells
has
two
sets
of
chrsomes–locus
is
present
twice
●
Third:
○
If
two
allele
at
a
locus
differ,
then
dominant
allel
will
determine
organism
appearence;
recessive
allel
will
have
no
effect
on
appearance.
●
Fourth:
○
Law
of
segreatioN;
two
allel
for
a
heritable
character
segregation
(separet)
druing
gamete
formation
and
end
up
in
different
gamets.
○
A
gamet
only
gets
one
of
two
allel
in
the
organism.
○
If
organism
has
identical
allel
all
gamestes
will
recive
that
allel
–true
bread
○
If
orgnaimsm
has
different
allel,
there
is
50%
chance
that
gamets
will
receive
dominant
or
receive
allel.
●
Punnet
square:
used
to
predict
allel
composition
of
offspring
from
cross
between
individual
A
A
●
A[
][
]
●
A[
][
]
Useful
Genetic
vocabulary
●
Homozygous:
has
idenfical
pair
of
allele
●
Ex:
PP
or
pp
●
True
breeding
●
Hetrozygous:
has
different
allel
●
Ex:
Pp
●
hybrid
●
Phenotype:
organism
appearance
or
observable
traits
●
Genotype:
genetic
makeup
The
testcross
●
Breeding
an
organism
of
unknown
genotype
with
recessive
homozygote.
●
Ex:
giving
purple
flower
→cross
with
white→
if
all
purple,
then
its
homozygous
PP;
if
some
purple
and
some
white,
then
it
is
heterozous
Pp.
Law
of
Independent
Assortment
●
Monohybrids:
cross
between
two
that
produces
a
hetrozygous
for
a
particular
character
●
Monohydrib
cross:
crossing
only
one
character
(YY)
x
(yy)
●
Dihybrids:
crossing
two
characters.
(YYRR)
x
(yyrr)
●
LIA:
aleel
(flower
color
and
shape)
inherited
independent
of
each
other.
●
Allel
form
one
genesegretate
into
gametes
independently
of
the
alleles
of
an
other
gene.
●
Defition:
2
or
more
genes
assort
independently-that
is
each
pair
of
allele
segregates
independently
of
any
other
pair
of
allel—during
gamte
formation
●
Onlyh
applies
to
allel
pairs
lcoated
on
different
gens,
not
linked
genes.
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