fse 112- module 1 Exam With Highest Rated Questions & Answer 100% Accurate
1. What exactly IS "pagan"? - ANSWER-The term pagan originates from the Latin paganus, which appears to have had such meanings as villager or country dweller. The early Roman Christians used pagan to refer to anyone who preferred to worship pre-
Christian divinities. Over the centuries, the term pagan gradually gained the connotation
of a false religion and its followers. Today the term is used to define a follower of a polytheistic religion; one who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material goods.
What were the common beliefs of those people that were considered to be "Pagan"? - ANSWER-Some beliefs common to pagans are spiritual beliefs that deity is both imminent and transcendent. Deity is perceived as both male (God) and female (goddess). Gods are identified with the sun, while goddesses are identified with the moon.
Most pagans believe in reincarnation. Each pagan religion has it own philosophy about the after life and about reincarnation.
What is the composition of western culture today? Is it mostly "pagan", or something else? - ANSWER-The western culture composed of Europe, North America, Greece, Rome, Africa is rooted in Christian beliefs, but some of their customs are similar to the customs of the pagans.
Why was the sun important to the early Egyptians? - ANSWER-The Egyptians believed that the sun was the focus of the universe. All things emerged from the sun, and all things returned to the sun. The sun God Re was the dominant system of belief.
Who was Osiris? What was the Cult of Osiris? - ANSWER-Osiris was the god of the underworld and judge of the dead. If Osiris justified you, you passed into perpetual happiness, but if you were condemned, you were passed into perpetual misery. Osiris is
also known as the God of the Dead.
The cult of Osiris began its existence originally as a nature religion because Osiris was a good ruler who taught his people agriculture and gave them laws. The cult believed that entry into the world beyond did not depend of magical and mystical procedures, but
it was contingent upon the candidates having lived a life free from evil.
What was the Circle of Necessity? - ANSWER-The term Circle of Necessity refers to the
religious circuit the soul was required to make before it returned to the body. The journey took 3000 years to complete and the souls of the departed often occupied the bodies of creatures of the land, water, and air before being rejoined with their human body after the 3000 years
How did the plague, or the threat of plague affect the burial customs of the early Egyptians? - ANSWER-The Egyptians were concerned with proper disposal of the dead
being sanitary. They used dry burials to prevent products of putrefaction from seeping into the soil, thus generating plague. Dry burial was a cheaper form of embalming available to the Egyptians.
Why was embalming practiced in the early Egyptian society? - ANSWER-The Egyptians
practiced embalming for religious reasons. The Egyptians were the first people to believe that the soul was immortal. The Egyptians believed that the dead would resume his normal daily activities in the after-life; therefore, the process of embalming was done
to secure future happiness. The life after death demanded preservation of the body in its natural appearance.Because the Egyptians were unable to bury their dead during the
period when the Nile River was overflowing, the unburied dead created unsanitary conditions which resulted in more deaths. They practiced embalming for sanitary reasons.
How did Egyptian social classes vary in their embalming techniques? - ANSWER-There
were three grades of embalming varying in the amount of time, attention and the quality of materials used. The most elaborate and expensive process was used for the well to do.
What were canopic jars? - ANSWER-Canopic jars are burial vases used to place the viscera and brain.
Explain the types of canopic jars and the different designs on their lids or covers: - ANSWER-The canopic jars had four heads, each representing four Children of Horus, the hawk-headed god of day. 1) MESTHA: the man-headed, protected the stomach and
large intestines. 2) HAPI : the dog headed guarded the small intestines. 3) TUAMUTEF:
the jackal-headed, watched over the lungs and heart. 4) QEBHSENNUF: the hawk-
headed, protected the liver and gall bladder Explain each embalming technique that was practiced by the early Egyptians: - ANSWER-A. The most elaborate and expensive process: Step 1. Removal of the brain that was accomplished by introducing a hook shaped spoon through on or all of the orifices of the skull. The skull was then packed with linen strips soaked with resin bitumen. Step 2. Evisceration through the abdominal incision. The organs and viscera were then washed in wine and spices. The cavity was washed and cleaned with the same material. The organs then were returned packed with spices, oils, resins and perfumes or either placed in canopic vases. The incision was closed with a plate of wax or metal on which was engraved, ?Eye of Osiris.? Step 3. Immersion in natron (sodium salt.) The caustic action of the natron solution caused the nails of the fingers and toes to
loosen and fall off. Step 4. Removal from the natron solution. The immersion time varied
from 20-70 days. The body was then cleansed, straightened, dried and exposed to the sun for dehydration. Step 5. Bandaged and spiced. Bandages were used to wrap the body. The layer of cloth were fastened together with gum or glue and fitted to the body while it was still damp and pliable. Expensive ornaments were then attached to the wrapping and the whole encased in a sarcophagus of wood or stone as selected by the relatives.
The second method (less costly) - ANSWER-The body cavities were injected with cedar
oil without evisceration. The body was laid in natrum or natron (a fixed alkali) for 70 days. During this period, the cedar oil dissolved the organs. The organs were removed with the oils at the end of the embalming period. The flesh of the body that was dissolved by the natron, was reduced to preserved skin and bones.
The third mode (practiced in poorer classes) - ANSWER-The intestines were purged and the body was soaked in a soda solution for seventy days. Lack of personal care to the body destroyed most of the features such as hair, nails, fingers and toes. Others were embalmed by plunging the body into molten bitumen.
What fluids/ chemicals/ or substances were used in early Egyptian embalming? - ANSWER-Wine, spices, natron, perfumes, powder of myrrh and cassia, cedar oil were substances used in Egyptian embalming. A later development resulted in the use of bitumen or pitch.
What were the types of coffins that were used in early Egyptian periods? - ANSWER-
During the earlier periods of Egyptian history, mats and skins, reed, wooden and earthenware baskets were used. From the XI dynasty, coffins played an important role in Egyptian burial. They were rectangular and were along the lines of a sarcophagus. Heiroglyphic inscriptions covered the exterior of the coffin. Between the XII and XVIII
