Geology Chapter 1-5 Exam Questions And Complete Verified Answers Graded A+.

Catastrophism - correct answer -James Ussher -A belief in sudden and massive change to explain geological complexity Uniformitarianism - correct answer -James Hutton -It states that the physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geological past -"The present is a key to the past" Absolute Age - correct answer -Dating age of rocks in years Relative Dating - correct answer -Establishing a sequence of events Law of Superposition - correct answer -Youngest layer is on the top, oldest at the bottom Principle of faunal/fossil succession - correct answer -Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order and therefore any time period can be recognized by its fossil content Big Bang Hypothesis - correct answer -The origin of all galaxies Nebula Hypothesis - correct answer -Proposes that the bodies of our Solar System evolved from an enormous rotating cloud of gases and dust Crust - correct answer -Thin, rocky outer skin, two subdivisions Oceanic Crust - correct answer -7 km/5m thick, basalt Continental Crust - correct answer -35-40 km/25m, many types of rocks Core - correct answer -Iron nickel alloy -Outer Core- liquid, generates earths magnetic field -Inner Core- located in the very center of Earth, solid and strong due to immense pressure Lithosphere - correct answer -Forms relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics, crust and upper mantle Astenosphere - correct answer -Upper mantle, "weak" Mesosphere - correct answer -lower mantle, rocks are rigid but capable of very gradual flow Mountain Belts - correct answer -Circum Pacific and Alps Indonesia Cratons - correct answer -Flat and stable areas *Shields- core of continents, made of igneous and metamorphic rocks *Platforms- marginal parts of shields covered by sediments Continental Margins - correct answer -Shelf, slope, rise Deep-Ocean Basins - correct answer -Abyssal Plains, deep oceanic trenches, seamounts Ocean ridge system - correct answer -Continuous belt that winds for more than 70,000 km Igneous - correct answer -Rocks formed as a result of magma's cooling and crystallization -Originally from MAGMA Sedimentary - correct answer -Rocks formed as a result of lithification(compaction and cementation) of a sediments -Originally from EVERY rock Metamorphic - correct answer -Rocks formed as a result of heat and pressure effect igneous and sedimentary rocks -Originally from EVERY rock Viscosity - correct answer -a measure of a material's resistance to flow What 3 factors actually control the viscosity of a given magma? - correct answer -Composition- Silica content...Higher silica content=higher viscosity...Lower silica content=lower viscosity -Temperature- hotter magmas are less viscous -Dissolved gases-gas content affects magma mobility Basaltic Lavas - correct answer -mild eruptions -fluid like behavior Rhyolitic or Andesitic - correct answer -explosive eruptions Pahoehoe lava - correct answer -Basaltic flow -Ropy surface -relatively smooth skin that wrinkles Aa Lava - correct answer -Basaltic flow -Blocks Pyroclastic Flow - correct answer -Felsic and intermediate -consists of ash, pumice, and other debris -Material ejected at high velocities Nuee Ardente - correct answer -Felsic and intermediate -A deadly pyroclastic(fire fragments) flow - glowing avalanches (silver cloud) Lahar - correct answer -Felsic and intermediate -Volcanic mudflow Crater - correct answer -Summit depression < 1 km diameter Caldera - correct answer -Summit depression > 1 km diameter produced by collapse following a massive eruption -Yellow Stone National Park -Atlantis may have disappeared in caldera of volcano on Santorini island Vent - correct answer -surface opening connected to the magma chamber, located at a slopes of volcano Conduit - correct answer -A pipelike opening through which magma moves from magma chamber toward Earth's surface Fumarole - correct answer -Emit only gases and smoke Shield Volcanoe - correct answer -Broad, slightly domed shaped -Largest -Mauna Loa on Hawaii Cinder Cone - correct answer -Steep slope angle -Smallest -Not very dangerous but has potential Composite Cone - correct answer -(Stratovolcano) -Most located adjacent to the Pacific Ocean -Medium sized -classic shaped volcano -Most violent type of activity Pluton - correct answer -Most magma is emplaced at depth in the Earth -Once cooled and solidified, its called a... -Intrusive body of igneous rocks Dike - correct answer -a tabular, discordant(cutting through) pluton Sill - correct answer -A tabular, concordant pluton Laccolith - correct answer -Mushroom shaped concordant pluton Batholith - correct answer -Largest intrusive body -Surface exposure > 100 km^2 -Frequently form the cores of mountains Fissures - correct answer -Fractures in the crust, long narrow cracks, emit a low viscosity basaltic lava, blanketing a wide area Basalt Plateau - correct answer -Flat lying basaltic flows, covering hundreds of square kilometers -Example: Deccan Traps in India Subduction Zones - correct answer -Convergent plate boundaries -Pacific Ocean is a Ring of Fire Mid-ocean ridges - correct answer -Divergent plate boundaries Intraplate volcanism is related to Hot Spot and Mantle Plumes - correct answer ... Igneous Rocks form? - correct answer -By crystallization and consolidation of molten magma Magma - correct answer -A liquid component-melt -A solid component- silicate materials -Gaseous Phase- Volatiles Intrusive - correct answer -Plutonic rocks -Magma crystallize under the surface Extrusive - correct answer -Volcanic rocks -Lava cools on the surface "Magma at surface is called Lava" Texture - correct answer -size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains Slow rate of cooling.. - correct answer -fewer but larger crystals Fast rate of cooling.. - correct answer -many small crystals Very fast.... - correct answer -forms glass Phaneritic - correct answer -slow rate of cooling -large, visible crystals -our granite Aphanitic - correct answer -Rapid rate of cooling -Microscopic crystals -May contain vesicles (holes from gas bubbles) Glassy - correct answer -Very rapid cooling of lava -Resulting rock is called obsidian Pyroclastic - correct answer -Fragmental appearance produced by violent volcanic eruptions -Often appear more similar to sedimentary rocks Granitic - correct answer =Felsic -Granite(intrusive) and rhyolite(extrusive) -Light colored silicates Intermediate - correct answer -Diorite(intrusive) and andesite(extrusive) -Associated with explosive volcanic activity Basaltic - correct answer -Gabbro(intrusive) and basalt(extrusive) -Dark silicates -Comprise the ocean floor and many volcanic islands Ultramafic - correct answer -Peridotite(intrusive) and komatite(extrusive) Bowen's reaction series - correct answer -The sequence that minerals crystallize from magma -Iron-rich silicates are first to crystallize -Non ferromagnesian silicates are crystallize last Rock - correct answer -Solid aggregate of minerals Minerals - correct answer -Building blocks of rock -Naturally occurring -Inorganic solid -Ordered internal molecular structure -Definite Chemical composition Elements - correct answer -Building blocks of minerals -Over 100 are known Atoms - correct answer -Building blocks of elements -Smallest particles of matter -Retains all the characteristics of an element Nucleus - correct answer -Include protons(+) and neutrons(-) -Atoms of the same element have the same # of protons Electrons - correct answer (-)charged -Octet Rule Ionic Bonding - correct answer -Transfer of electrons -Atoms are losing or gaining valence electrons -Anions (-) -Cations (+) -Halite (NaCl)