SLCC Pathophysiology Exam 1 Elite Quality Solutions, Promising Top Academic Performance, Verified and Certified

Homeostasis - Answer Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal balance Hyperplasia - Answer Increased number of cells Hypertrophy - Answer Increased size of cell Atrophy - Answer Reduced size of cell Metaplasia - Answer Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous Dysplasia - Answer Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance, precedes cancerous changes Free radical injury Hypoxic cell injury Impaired calcium function - Answer Three mechanisms of cellular injury Free Radical Injury - Answer Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules cell damage; cancers; other disease states result. Hypoxic Cell Injury - Answer cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue inflammatory response Impaired Calcium Function causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Answer Ca++ is an important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing? Reversible cell injury - Answer Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death results Water Lipids Calcium - Answer Three types of reversible cell injury Water - Answer abnormal amounts of? 2 | P a g e Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+] pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water intracellular swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury. Lipids - Answer Abnormal amounts of? collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result. Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed with dietary changes. Calcium - Answer Abnormal amounts of? builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump. Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes damages cell internally. Apoptosis - Answer Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response. 8-10 days - Answer How long do WBCs live? 3 months - Answer How long do RBCs live? Necrosis - Answer Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response. Telomeres - Answer Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication. When too short cell dies elasticity - Answer Example of cellular aging Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels atherosclerosis and high blood pressure Bowel - Answer Example of cellular aging Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications Chronic constipation Muscle mass - Answer Example of cellular aging Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders, etc. muscle weakness, problems with balance 3 | P a g e subcutaneous fat - Answer Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. problems regulating temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound inflammation - Answer Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. - Bone Marrow - blood components Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Answer Organs of the immune system Thymus Gland - Answer Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes Inflammation - Answer Cells of ___________________ Endothelial cells Platelets Leukocytes Endothelial cells - Answer Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control inflammatory mediators Platelets - Answer Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators. Leukocytes - Answer White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes Leukocytosis - Answer Higher then normal production of WBCs. Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain - Answer S.H.A.R.P Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Answer Two types of Leukocytes Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Answer Three Granulocytes Neutrophils "New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - Answer Granulocyte accounts for 60% of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder Eosinophils - Answer Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite infections 4 | P a g e Basophil - Answer Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction Lymphocytes and Monocytes - Answer Two types of Agranulocytes Lymphocytes - Answer Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T cells, increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection Monocytes - Answer Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream, migrates into tissue to become macrophages T cells - Answer "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Consist of: -memory -helper -killer -suppressor -natural killer cells. Memory T cells - Answer Remain in lymph nodes for many years after infection so if same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen. Helper t cells - Answer Activate/regulate T&B cells Killer t cells - Answer Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests ANTIGENS via phagocytosis. Natural killer cells - Answer Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. These are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface markers than killer T Cells). Suppressor t cells - Answer Returns the functioning of the immune system back to normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity. B cells - Answer Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower response time the t-cells. Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in Bone marrow. Releases antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies. Antigens - Answer Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or not. Cell specific. - "antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen, toxins, pathogens, etc) Antibodies (B-Cell Lymphocytes) - Answer Immunoglobulins are the bodies compliment to antigens. When antibodies attach to antigens cells cannot reproduce. Lock and key analogy. Antibodies - Answer How ________________________ (immunoglobulins) are made - 1.White blood cells (leukocytes) are made in the bone marrow 5 | P a g e 2.Lymphocytes (one type of WBC) in the bone marrow make B Cells 3.B cells make antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, Ig,)...mnemonic = "GAMED" 4.When an antigen enters the body (on a microorganism, pollen, dust, food, etc.) antibodies attack and destroy the antigen. Bone Marrow - Answer How Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made - 1. White blood cells (leukocytes) are made in the ___________ _____________ B - Answer How Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made - 2. Lymphocytes (one type of WBC) in the bone marrow make ___ Cells Antibodies - Answer How Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made - 3. B cells make _______________ (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, Ig,)...mnemonic = "GAMED" Antigen - Answer How Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made - 4. When an __________________ enters the body (on a microorganism, pollen, dust, food, etc.) antibodies attack and destroy it. Acute inflammation - Answer Focuses on removing the injury causing agent and limiting the extent of tissue damage. Chronic inflammation - Answer Lasts many weeks or years. Overwork the immune response. The immune response is no longer healing but damaging. Local inflammatory response - Answer Contained to localized site in body Systemic - Answer Entire body is involved in ___________ inflammation Local inflammation acute phase - Answer Vascular phase, cellular phase, leukocyte activation and phagocytosis Local inflammation acute phase Vascular phase - Answer 1) Vasodilation causes HEAT and REDNESS. 2) Plasma brings WBC and proteins causing SWELLING and PAIN. 6 | P a g e 3) Proteins are pushed from vessel to tissue drawing more fluid which increases pain and swelling. 4)Fluid traps infection from moving to body. But causes ALTERED FUNCTION due to swelling. 5) Chemical mediators are histamine, serotinin, cytokines, and kinins. They cause a)VASODILATION b)increased CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY c)blood flow to slow, so CLOTTING can begin d)signal WBCs to congregate Chemical mediators - Answer h