America
--
A
Narrative
History
--
David
Emory
Shi
--
Chapter
1
Beginning
of
the
Slave
Trade
in
the
Western
Hemisphere
-
ANS1503,
the
main
countries
were
Portugal
and
Spain
Toll
of
infectious
diseases
on
the
Native
American
people
-
ANS90%
of
Native
Americans
died
from
European-borne
diseases.
Worst
proportional
death
toll
in
history.
Theodore
de
Bry
and
his
effect
on
North
America
-
ANSTheodore
de
Bry
never
set
foot
in
the
Americas.
His
paintings
shaped
European
opinions
of
Native
Americans
in
the
16th
century,
presenting
as
inhuman
beasts
and
savages
Broken
Mammoth,
Alaska
-
ANSOldest
traces
of
human
activity
in
the
Bering
region(North
America)
Clovis
people
-
ANSEarliest
known
people
to
be
in
America,
used
"Clovis"
spearheads
to
kill
Wooly
Mammoths
Paleo-Indians
-
ANSSkilled
hunter-gatherers
who
slowly
moved
south
Native
American
Transition
to
agricultural
societies
-
ANSAround
7000
BCE,
indigenous
people
settled
down
and
grew
plants
such
as
maize,
beans,
and
squash
Importance
of
maize
-
ANSViewed
as
"gift
of
the
gods"
for
providing
many
essential
needs.
Beginning
of
Mayans
-
ANS1500
B.C.E.
farming
towns
appeared
in
Mexico.
Sophisticated
communities
popped
up.
Mayan
culture
-
ANSThe
Mayans
developed
a
written
language,
highly
effective
infrastructure
across
Mesoamerica,
and
a
system
of
governance.
Demise
of
the
Mayan
Empire
-
ANSMostly
a
mystery,
however
ecological
causes
were
extremely
important.
Deforestation
and
destruction
of
the
rain
forest
along
with
overpopulation.
Mayans
were
defeated
by
the
Toltecs
Incan
Empire
-
ANS2,500
mile
empire
with
20
languages
along
the
Andes.
Huge
infrastructure
improvements
throughout
the
empire.
Aztecs(Mexica)
-
ANSAggressive
conquerors
took
control
of
central
Mexico,
built
Tenochtitlan. Aztec
Empire
-
ANSDivided
into
2
classes,
nobles
and
others.
Included
371
city
states
in
38
provinces.
Aztecs
developed
elaborate
societies
and
complicated
political
structures,
along
with
efficient
farming
techniques.
Diverse
culture.
Aztec
religion
-
ANSMultiple
gods,
connected
the
elements.
Heavily
important
sacrifices.
North
American
tribes
-
ANSSocieties
blossomed
in
the
early
1500
B.C.E.
Rich
oral
traditions,
many
believed
in
spirits
and
ghosts.
North
American
Native
warfare
-
ANSCourage
in
combat
was
the
highest
virtue,
small-scale
raids
and
minimal
casualties.
Native
American
Government
-
ANSBarely
any
absolute
rulers.
Leaders
had
to
persuade
their
people.
Chiefs
were
chosen
according
to
merit.
Exile
most
feared
punishment
Southwest
Native
Americans
-
ANSHopis
and
Zunis(etc.)
lived
in
pueblos.
Built
irrigation
and
had
a
rich
culture.
No
class
structures.
Northwest
Native
Americans
-
ANSHeavily
focused
on
hunting
and
gathering.
Resource
heavy,
tribes
only
needed
to
work
2
days
out
of
the
week
to
gather
food.
Carved
totem
poles.
Divided
into
3
classes
slaves,
commoners,
chiefs.
Great
Plains
Native
Americans
-
ANSNomadic
hunter
gathers
tracked
herds
of
buffalo
across
the
plains.
Animals
were
willing
sacrifices
provided
by
the
gods.
Mississippian
Native
Americans
-
ANSMound
building
cultures,
including
the
Great
Serpent
Mound.
Agricultural
communities,
developed
massive
trading
networks.
Cahokia
Native
Americans
-
ANSSouthwest
Illinois.
Constructed
massive
farms,
hosted
nearly
15,000
people.
Collapsed
due
to
ecological
issues(probably).
Algonquians
-
ANSStretched
all
across
the
Eastern
Seaboard.
Village
size
usually
500-2000
people.
Foragers
and
growers.
Iroquoians
-
ANSSouth
and
West
of
the
Algonquians.
Lived
in
extended
family
groups
3000
or
more.
Women
maintained
important
positions
within
the
clan.
Eastern
Woodland
Indians
-
ANSGulf
of
Mexico,
Rigid
class
structure
but
women
had
positions
of
power.
Changes
in
Europe
around
the
15th
century
-
ANSSerfdom
disintegrated,
a
new
middle-class
emerged
fueled
by
innovation.
Kings
were
able
to
concentrate
power
through
divine
right.
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