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Japanese Grammar, Particles and sentence construction

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Learn Japanese Language, It has the summary of famous book for basic up to intermediate level. step by step study. and also learn how to construct sentences

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  • July 26, 2024
  • 64
  • 2023/2024
  • Presentation
  • Unknown
  • Secondary school
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RULES for WRITING HIRAGANA
1. Elongated sounds of vowel (long vowel sounds)
a - okāsan/okaasan ― おかあさん mother
i - onīsan/oniisan ― おにいさん older brother
u - yūgata/yuugata ― ゆうがた early evening
*e - onēsan/oneesan ― おねえさん older sister
exception
ei - sensee/sensē/sensei ― せんせい teacher gakusee/gakusē/gakusei ― がくせい student
*o - arigatō/arigatou ― ありがとう thank you
*** instead of writing おお just add う
Ex. Otōsan ― おとうさん father ginkō ― ぎんこう bank shachō ― しゃちょう company
president
Exceptions:
 ōki ― おおきい big  tōka ― とおか 10th day of the month
 ōyake ― おおやけ public  ōi ― おおい many
 kōri ― こおり ice  tōi ― とおい far

2. Double consonant rule : for letters kk, ss, tt, pp, add small tsu (っ), must be written before the main kana. Exception
is the ん。
Ex. gakkō ― がっこう school kitte ― きって postage stamp
issai ― いっさい1 year old kippu ― きっぷ ticket
Exception is ん
Ex. onna ― おんな woman minna ― みんな everybody

3. Compound word rule : use the dakuon reading to the second word
Ex. koi love + hito person = koibito こいびと sweetheart/lover
te hand + kami paper = tegami てがみ letter
san three + sen thousand = sanzen さんぜん 3 thousand

4. Special syllable rule : states that for words that use Ji and Zu syllables, the じ and the ず must be used with only a
few exceptions.
** came from た gyou and さ gyou
** it should follow the same hiragana character
Basic : Ji (shi) じ Zu(su) ず
Intermediate : Ji (chi) ぢ Zu (tsu) づ
Ex. chidjimu ― ちぢむ to shrink tsudzukeru ― つづける to continue

5. Particle rule
wa ― topic marker は わたしはがくせいです。
o ― direct object marker を みずをのみます。
e ― direction marker へ にほんへいきます。
Ex. konbanwa こんばんは konnichiha こんにちは

, RULES in WRITING KATAKANA
1. Words that have consonant – vowel – consonant pattern
Ex. マニラ Manila カメラ Camera

2. Words that have a double consonant endings
 t & d should end in "o"
Ex. テスト Test ヒント Hint
 c, b, f, m, l, k, p, s should end in "u"
Ex. ミルク Milk アスク Mask

3. Long sounds are represented by a dash (―)
a. -ar, -er, -ir, -or, -ur
Ex. ギター Guitar ビール Beer レポート Report カーテン Curtain
b. -ee, -ea, -oa, -ou, -oo
Ex. チーズ Cheese ボート Boat グループ Group プール Pool クリーム Cream
c. -all, -al, -ol
Ex. ボール Ball チョーク Chalk ゴールド Gold
d. -w, -y
Ex. ニュース News ロビー Lobby
e. -a-e, -o-e, -u-e, final te & de = to & do
Ex. ゲーム Game ノート Note ヌード Nude
f. -ation, -otion
Ex. アニメーション Animation モーション Motion
g. -ire, -ure
Ex. ファイア Fire カルチャー Culture

4. Some consonant clusters are represented by small (ッ)
a. -x, -tch, -dge (before the last sound)
Ex. ミックス Mix マッチ Match ロッジ Lodge
b. -ff, -pp, -ss, -tt
Ex. スタッフ Staff モットMotto アップル Apple
Some exceptions on double consonants
Ex. ドレス Dress コーヒー Coffee コピー Copy
c. -at, -ap, -ag, -et, -ic, -op
Ex. マット Mat チップ Chip バッグ Bag
d. -oo, -ea, -ou, -ui
Ex. クッキー Cookie ビスケット Biscuit

5. Words ending in ~sh should be written as (~ッシュ)
Ex. キャッシュ Cash フレッシュ Fresh

6. "Ca" and "Cha" are spelled (キャ)
Ex. キャン Can キャラクター Character

7. Endings with "J" sound is replaced (ジ)
Ex. オレンジ Orange チェンジ Change

,8. Soft "TH" sound is replaced by (サ~) gyou
Ex. スリー Three サンキュ Thank You

9. Hard "TH" sound is replaced by the (ザ~) gyou
Ex. ザー The ウェザー Weather

Additional Combinations
wi ウィ ハロウィーン Halloween che チェ チェック Check
we ウェ ハイウェイ Highway fa ファ ファッション Fashion
wo ウォ ミネラルウォーター Mineral Water fi フィ フィリピン Philippine
va ヴァ ヴァイオリン Violin fe フェ カフェ Cafe
vi ヴィ ヴィーナス Venus fo フォ カリフォルニア California
ve ヴェ ヴェニソン Venison ti ティ パーティー Party
vo ヴォ ヴォイス Voice di ティ ディスコ Disco
she シェ シェリー Sherry du ティ デューク Duke
je ジェ ジェームス James

, 1. X は Y です
X – Noun / Pronoun
は – topic marker (particle)
Y – predicate (noun; pronoun; adjective)
です – linking verb (is, are, am, etc.) always at the end of a simple sentence; conjugation
Ex. わたしはがくせいです。 I(X) am(です) a student(Y).
メアリーさんはアメリカじんです。 Mary is American.

2. か question marker; always at the end ですか。
Ex. メアリーさんはこうこうせいですか。 Is Mary a high school student?

3. What なん/ なに (何)
 Almost always with です。
 Usually with some of the suffixes ~じん;~さい; ~じ
 なに placed before the particle
Ex. いまなんじですか。 What time is it now?

4. Noun 1 の Noun 2
 Connecting 2 nouns
の possesive particle
 N1N2 だいがくのせんせい
 's メアリーさんのともだち;たけしさんおでんわばんご
 my わたしのがっこう
 your あなたのなまえ
N2 のN1
 in, of, on
 bigger noun の smaller noun の specific noun
Ex. わたしのともだちのおかあさんはアメリカのだいがくのこうこうのせんせいです。
My friend's mother is a high school teacher at University of America.

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