BIO 210- EXAM 2 Practice Questions and Complete Solutions
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Course
BIO 210
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BIO 210
Ch. 5 Define metabolism and describe the fundamental difference between anabolism and catabolism -Metabolism is involved with the buildup and breakdown of macromolecules within a cell; these chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life -Catabolism: breaks down complex m...
BIO 210 - EXAM 2 Practic e Questions and Complete Solutions Ch. 5 Define metabolism and describe the fundamental difference between anabolism and catabolism ✅-Metabolism is involved with the buildup and breakdown of macromolecules within a cell; these chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life -Catabolism: breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; EXERgonic -Anabolism: uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; ENDERgonic Ch. 5 Identify the role of ATP as an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism ✅1. catabolism releases energy by oxidation of molecule 2. energy is stored in molecules of ATP 3. anabolism uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell 4. energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP Ch. 5 Identify the components of an enzyme. What is a coenzyme? ✅-apoenzyme: protein portion - cofactor: nonprotein part - holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor -coenzyme: organic cofactor Ch. 5 Describe the mechanism of a enzymatic action ✅A substrate binds to the active site on the protein to create a enzyme -substrate complex. Then the substrate is created into a product and the process starts all over again. "lock and key" Ch. 5 List the factors that influence enzymatic activity. What happens to an enzyme below its optimal temperature? Above its optimal temperature? ✅Factors: - temperature - pH (7 is neutral) - substrate concentration - inhibitors Below = molecules move slowly and don't have enough energy to cause chemical reactions Above = denatures the proteins and reaction rate falls Ch. 5 Distinguish competitive and noncompetitive inhibition ✅-competitive: fill the active site of an enzyme (compete with substrate for active site); can be reversible (can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the substrate) or irreversible. -noncompetitive: interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) in a process called allosteric inhibition; causes the active site to change its shape making it non -
functional; reversible IF the active site can return to its original shape Ch. 5 Explain the term oxidation -reduction. Why is glucose such an important molecule for organisms? ✅-oxidation -reduction: oxidation is the removal of electrons from an atom/molecule (produces energy); reduction is adding electrons to an atom/substance. These reactions are ALWAYS paired; does NOT require oxygen. - Glucose is a highly reduced compound containing a large amount of potential energy because it has so many hydrogen atoms. Ch. 5 Provide examples of two types of phosphorylation reactions that generate ATP ✅1. Substrate -level phosphorylation: ATP is generated when a high energy P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP 2. Oxidative phosphorylation: electrons are passed from organic compounds to electron carriers and brought to ETC to generate ATP Ch. 5 Explain the overall function of metabolic pathways ✅To break down larger components through a series of oxidation -reduction reactions to extract energy from organic compounds and store it in ATP Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis ✅Step 1: Glucose enter cell & is phosphorylated which requires a molecule of ATP creating G6P. Step 2: G6P is rearranged to form Fructose 6P Step 3: Another ATP molecule is used to form Fructose 1, 6 -diphosphate Step 4: An enzyme splits the sugar into two 3 Carbon molecules (DHAP & GP) Step 5: DHAP readily converted to GP (reverse can occur too) Step 6: The next enzyme oxidizes each GP (2 molecules since DHAP can be converted to GP) by the transfer of 2 hydrogen atoms to NAD+ to form NADH (so 2 NAD+ and 2 NADH) it also converts each GP to two 3 -carbon compounds. These two actions together create a high energy bond between the sugar and a phosphate of each new compound (P=CCC -P) Step 7: The high energy P on each is moved to 2 ADP (1 each) forming 2 ATP Step 8: An enzyme relocates the remaining P in each molecule Step 9: A water molecule is removed from each (2 H20) forming 2 PEP molecules each containing another high energy P bond Step 10: The high energy P on each is moved to 2 ADP (1 each) forming 2 ATP Ch. 5 Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation. How do carrier molecule function in the electron transport chain? ✅1. electrons (from NADH) pass down the electron transport chain while protons are pumped across the membrane [establishes proton gradient - proton motive force] 2. Protons i higher concentration on one side of the membrane diffuse through ATP synthase [releases energy to synthesize ATP]
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