Exam (elaborations)
ANS 100 With Complete Solutions Latest upload
- Course
- ANS 100
- Institution
- University Of California - Davis
ANS 100 With Complete Solutions Latest upload
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lOMoARcPSD|22014731ANS 100
What do you have to change to decrease rate of diffusion of an organism? - correct answers 1) modify permeability by decreasing water channels in epithelia 2) decreasing surface area of the skin epithelium 3) increase the thickness of skin 4) insert water impermeable molecules into skin
what is isometric scaling - correct answers the process where a physiological or anatomical trait changes in direct proportion to body size
What is allometric scaling? - correct answers the process when a physiological or anatomical trait does not change in direct proportion to body size
What does physiology and anatomy scale allometrically? - correct answers becasue as an animal increases in size, surface area to volume decreaes. As an animal grows, its volume ncrease at a faster rate than its surface area and alot of physio and ntomical strucutes are dependent on surface are to volume ratios.
What is a genotype? - correct answers An organism's genetic makeup
What is a phenotype? - correct answers a measurable trait of an organism/ product of an animals genotype and the interaction of that genotype with its environment
What is phenotypic plasticity? - correct answers happens within the lifetime of an animal and changes in phenotypes can happen over days to weeks ex: acclimation, acclimatization
what is the advantage of phenotypic plasticity? - correct answers having the ability to alter your phenotype to better match
your environment is an advantage for animals that find themselves in different environments across their lifetimes.
What is the epithelia? - correct answers a layer of cells that forms barrier between the animal and its environment by lining different organs or your skin. Epithelial tissue regulates what can pass either though ac elll or between a cell.
what are the 4 main features of epithelia tissu? - correct answers 1) assymetrical distrubution of membrane proteins -membrane transporters on the apical surface are different from transporters on the basal surface the directional transport of solutes 2) tight intercellular connections -regulate paracellular movement 3)multiplicity of cells -epithelia are more than just a later of simple cells. Can contain endocrine cells, and absorptive cells, such that epithelia can be specialized for different functions or different types of ion transport. 4) a high density of mitochondria -mebrane transport against a concentration fradient requires active transport. Active transport requires energy and this energy comes as ATP from mitochondria
Create an experiment to demonstrate aclimation with frogs? - correct answers to demonstrate acclimation, animals will need to be held under different thermal environmetns for weeks under alboratory conditions. So for this experiment you could hold one group of frogs at 10C and one group of frogs at 20C for two weeks. After the two weeks you could isolate the cell membranes and examine their membrane properties. lOMoARcPSD|22014731
For properties of cell membranes, you could examine membrane fluidity as well as the constituents of the membrane. Looking only at the two types of responses at the molecular level would not be integrative. So you would expect: 1) membrane fluidity: same membrane fluidity since animals at different temperatures modify the components of their membranes to preserve membrane fluidity 2) membrane constituents: different between groups group with lower temp -more unsaturated -shorter chain lengths of fatty acid tails -greater proportion of PE polar head groups -more cholesterol
Would you expect to see the same in the cat as the cat? - correct answers Nope, the cat is an endotherm, therefore the body temp of the birds of both groups would be the same as a result there would be no change in membrane properties.
What compound decreases the affinity of LDH for its substrate? How? - correct answers a competitive inhibitor: it binds the active site of the enzyme, blocking the ability of pyruvate to bind to LDH, thereby decreasing the substrate binding affinity and Km. could also be an allosteric regulator: it binds to allosteric binding site that is different from the substrate binding site. The binding of the allosteric regulator affects the conformation of the substrate bidning site, decreasing substrate binding affinity and increasing Km.
What compound increases Vmax of LDH? HOw? - correct answers a covalent modifier by acting to phosphorylate the enzyme, increasing Vmax.
How do you decrease Vmax? - correct answers one way to decrease Vmax is to decrease the number of enzymes in the system or to dephosphorylate the enzyme
How do ions diffuse across membranes? - correct answers they're solutes so diffusion is affected by concentration or chemical gradient. Htey are also charged, so their diffusion affected by the gradient charges that are a result of both their charge as well as the charge of all other ions in the system
In a cell, there are a number of different charged ions on either side of a membrane. Ion diffusion depends on the dual effects of a chemical gradient and an electrical gradient. If you add glucose to the system, does its movement depend on the electrical and chemical gradients set up by the ions? Explain the reasoning for your answer. - correct answers glucose is a neutral molecule, therefore it only depends on its chemical gradient but is not dependent on the electrical gradient since it is not charged.
You have a beaker with a membrane permeable to chloride down the middle. There is a lot of chloride on the right side of the beaker. The left side of the beaker is more negatively charged than the right side. Chloride will move slowly to the left
side of the beaker but then will stop diffusing from right to left, even though there is still more chloride on the right side of
the beaker. What specifically is happening at the beginning of the process (i.e. when chloride is moving) and at the end (when chloride no longer is only traveling from right to left but rather exchanging equally in both directions)? - correct answers At the beginning, the concentration/chemical gradient from right to left is greater than te counteracting electrical gradient and this dictates that chloride moves slowly from high conc to low conc. Eventually, the concentration gradeint is
balanced in the opposite direction by the electrical gradeint. At this point, no more chloride moves from right to left and the electrochemical potential difference between the right and left side of the beaker is zero
Animals spend energy setting up resting membrane potential so that they can take advantage of the potential energy stored
in electrochemical gradients for cell signaling. What is needed for ions to move across a membrane and why? What are the different types of ion channels and how to they work? What type of diffusion is this? Once the signaling is complete, how do cells reestablish resting membrane potential and explain the process with a specific example. - correct answers Ions are charged and since the membrane is lipid rich, charged particles need a tranporter that cross teh membrane to help facilitate their diffusion across a membrane.
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