ASU BIO 340- Genetics Exam 1 Study Material (Combined)

Central Dogma DNA - RNA - Protein , theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins Gene The physical unit of heredity, composed of a DNA sequence that is transcribed and encodes a polypeptide or another functional molecule. Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Mutation The addition of genetic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of a population Independent events The probability that one occurs does not affect the probability that the other occurs Multiplicative Rule of Probability If two events are independent, then the probability that they both occur is given by p(A,B)=P(A)P(B) True-breeding A group of identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when mated with each other Replicate Crosses Same cross repeated Reciprocal Crosses determines whether a trait is sex linked. If autosomal, should be same ratio no matter which way cross is. If sex linked, there will be a difference in phenotype ratios Test Crosses Specific crosses to test hypotheses about genes. Mendel's Law of Segregation a. The two copies of a gene separate equally during gamete formation, so that half of the gametes carry one member of the pair, and half carry the other member b. During fertilization, gametes unite at random, i.e. they fuse without regard to which allele is carried by the other Law of Independent Assortment During gamete formation, the segregation of alleles at one locus is independent of the segregation of alleles at another locus. Dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1 Two-point test cross 1:1:1:1 ratio Autosomal inheritance Transmission of traits carried on autosomes, which are chromosomes found in both males and females Pedigree A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Only on copy of the abnormal gene is required for individual to be affected Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Need 2 copies of the damaged gene to inherit the problem-1 from the mother and 1 from the father Homologous Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure Recurrence risk Chance that an inherited disorder present in a family will affect another person in that family. Calculation is dependent upon the mode of inheritance as well as the pedigree of the family being counseled. Gene interactions The ways genes collaborate or interact to influence a phenotype.