Exam (elaborations)
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
- Course
- NURS 611
- Institution
- Maryville University Of St. Louis
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
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Page 1 of 15NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
Cellular Biology & Genetics
1. Main components of the cell:
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure
composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-
binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity. The DNA
chain in eukaryotic cells is so extensive that the risk of breakage
is high. Therefore, the histones binding to DNA cause DNA to fold
into chromosomes (see Fig. 1.2, C). The wrapping of DNA into
tight packages of chromosomes is essential for cell division in
eukaryotes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs). These tiny ribosomes may float free in the
cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membranes of the
endoplasmic reticulum (see Fig. 1.1, A). Their chief function is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
The Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus) is a network of flattened,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell (Fig. 1.4). Proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-
bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles, The Golgi
complex is a refining plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein,
polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
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Lysosomes maintain cellular health:
• efficient removal of toxic cellular components
• removal of useless organelles,
• termination of signal transduction,
• signals cellular adaptation
They are signaling hubs of a sophisticated network for cellular
adaptation and
maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Aging can lead to
progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency and decline of the
regenerative capacity of organs and tissues.
Lysosomes are key. Altogether these components integrate
functions, such as nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell
stressors, and translate them into instructions that regulate
cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity. The
signaling functions have far-reaching implications for metabolic
regulation in health and in disease.
Mitochondria are organelles found in large numbers in most cells,
are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
The inner membrane contains the enzymes of the respiratory
chain—the name given to the electron-transport chain. These
enzymes are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP. Metabolic
pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids,
and amino acids and special pathways involving urea and heme
synthesis are located in the mitochondrial matrix.
2. Apoptosis versus Necrosis. Cellular injuries from various causes
have different clinical and pathophysiologic manifestations.
Stresses from metabolic derangements may be associated with
intracellular accumulations and include carbohydrates, proteins,
and lipids. The most important changes are nuclear; clearly,
without a healthy nucleus, the cell cannot survive. The two main
types of cell death are necrosis and apoptosis.
Apoptosis: A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination of
unwanted cell populations.
NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW NOTES-VERIFIED
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