Understanding Patho: Quiz 3 - Endocrine
System: Exam 2 Questions With Verified
Answers
5 functions of the endocrine system.
the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. -
answerdifferentiation of reproductive system & CNS in fetus
The second function is stimulation o...
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM Understanding Patho: Quiz 3 - Endocrine System: Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers 5 functions of the endocrine system. the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. - answer✔✔differentiation of reproductive system & CNS in fetus The second function is stimulation of: - answer✔✔stimulation of growth & developmen t (maturation). The third function of the endocrine system is coordination of what systems? - answer✔✔coordination of the male and female reproductive systems (secretion). The fourth function of the endocrine system is maintenance of: - answer✔✔maintenance of internal environment. The fifth function of the endocrine system in adaption to: - answer✔✔adaption to emergency demands of body. Allows for increased efficiency & mobilization of energy stores to manage stress. The endocrine system affects __________ cells in the body. - answer✔✔nearly every cell. Organs involved in the endocrine system: - answer✔✔multiple organs includes pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis. Hormones have 4 general characteristics. First, they have specific __________ and _____________ of secretion. Their patterns depend on? - answer✔✔specific rates and rhythms of secretion. Patterns depend on circulating substances. Some specific rates and rhythms of hor mone secretion include: - answer✔✔-diurnal: BID. EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM -pulsatile: rise or fall in a range. -cyclic: go up/down during certain times of day or sleep -wake cycles. released due to homeostatic changes, cyclical basis, or only when activated. Many different patte rns for how their regulated and released. Hormones operate within ____________ systems. - answer✔✔feedback. Hormones affect only - answer✔✔target cells that have specific receptors to bind to a given hormone. For example: insulin affects many cells directly, but not the brain because there are no receptors here. Hormones affecting only target cells with appropriate receptors allows for: - answer✔✔release of hormones directly in the bloodstream. Hormones are exc reted by _____________ or deactivated by ________________ or ____________. - answer✔✔excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver or cellular mechanisms. metabolized by cells. Hormones are regulated by: - answer✔✔chemical, hormonal, and neural fact ors What type of feedback does hormones use? - answer✔✔negative feedback. allows for narrow range of particular parameter. If range exceeded, the hormones will rise or fall to move parameter back to the normal range. Types of negative feedback loops for h ormones: - answer✔✔1. long -loop feedback - the hormone will feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease stimulation of mediators that affect the secreting gland to reduce hormone production that affect target organs. End at the release of the hormone, loops a ll the way back to the tart of the process. 2. short -feedback - hormone returns back to the secreting gland (ex: anterior pituitary). EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM 3. ultra -short - T3/T4 feedbacks to the target organ causing reduction of secretion of these hormones. Hormones are rele ased into the circulatory system by: - answer✔✔endocrine glands. down -regulation vs up -regulation of hormone: - answer✔✔Down = high levels of hormones can decrease affinity, number, or both of cells' receptors. Decreases sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. If large amounts of hormone present, the cell will stop making receptors for that hormone. This will desensitize the cell to the hormone and cause it to become resistant to it. Up = low levels of hormone creates more receptors in the plasma mem brane to increase sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. Small amounts of hormone will cause cell to start producing more and more of the receptor into the surface to increase sensitization and respond more to the small amount of hormone. cells ar e constantly changing their number of receptors in response to the level of hormones in the bloodstream. direct vs permissive effects of hormones: - answer✔✔direct = ex: insulin directly affecting cell's ability to incorporate glucose transporters to uptak e glucose into the cell from the plasma to reduce blood glucose levels. permissive = hormone can enable a second hormone to become functional to do a job. GH needs _____________ to be produced to have its full effect. - answer✔✔thyroid hormone. water -soluble vs. lipid -soluble form in the bloodstream - answer✔✔water -soluble hormones circulate in free, unbound forms. lipid-soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier. water -soluble vs lipid -soluble: philic to... phobic to... - answer✔✔water -soluble is lipophobic, hydrophilic, charged. lipid-soluble is lipophilic, hydrophobic, steroids. EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM water -soluble vs lipid -soluble: response time of each? - answer✔✔water -soluble = short -acting response as they bind to surface receptors. Cannot pass through membranes directly. lipid-soluble = rapid, but long -lasting response. Directly affect translation and transcription as they diffuse freely across the plasma and nuclear membranes. Bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. No plasma membrane receptors needed. What must lipid -soluble hormones need although they do not need plasma membrane receptors? - answer✔✔Need carrier proteins to be carried throughout the bloodstream. Most hormone will be bound to carrier prote ins in the plasma. This helps them to be long -lasting and decreases fluctuations because there is a reserve of protein bound in carrier form. Length of lasting for hormones is based on: - answer✔✔ability to bind to carrier proteins or being able to dissolv e in plasma. where are hormone receptors located? - answer✔✔1. In the plasma membrane (for water -soluble hormones). 2. In the intracellular compartment of the target cell (for lipid -soluble/steroid hormones). does water -soluble or lipid -soluble hormones h ave higher molecular weight? - answer✔✔water -
soluble hormones are high molecular weight. but cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane. However, lipid soluble can easily diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors. First messenger for water -soluble hormones are: - answer✔✔hormone and signal transduction. First messengers for water -soluble hormones open and close per: - answer✔✔ion channels. Second -messenger molecules for water -soluble hormones are: - answer✔✔-calcium whi ch can bind to calmodulin.
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