Understanding Patho Quiz 2 Neurological
System: Exam 1 Questions With Verified
Answers
What are the 3 components of the neuron? - answercell body (soma), dendrites, axons
where is the cell body (soma) located? - answermainly in the CNS
Densely packed cell bodies in the CNS are?
PNS? - answern...
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM Understanding Patho Quiz 2 Neurological System: Exam 1 Questions With Verified Answers What are the 3 components of the neuron? - answer✔✔cell body (soma), dendrites, axons where is the cell body (soma) located? - answer✔✔mainly in the CNS Densely packed cell bodies in the CNS are? PNS? - answer✔✔nuclei. ganglia. What is located in the cell body (soma)? - answer✔✔nucleus and cytoplasm. Dendrites are the ________ portion of the neuron. - answer✔✔Receptive portion. They accept and sense external stimuli. Stimulate incoming signals to cell body. Axons transmit impulses where? - answer✔✔Transmit impulses AWAY from ce ll body of neuron. the long thread like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. what is the cone -shaped process where the axon leaves the cell body? - answer✔✔axon hillock As dendrites bring signals to th e axon hillock, what occurs? - answer✔✔the inhibitory and exhibitory graded potentials are summed to determine if an action potential can occur to send a signal down the axon hillock. What part of the axon has the lowest threshold for stimulation? EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM and what occurs here? - answer✔✔The initial segment of the axon. the action potentials begin at this point. Describe membrane polarization during a neuron's resting state. - answer✔✔imbalance of ions is created and maintained by ion pumps. The membrane lacks permeability to ions. unit of measurement of ion concentration - answer✔✔mM (mOsm) the separation or ______________ of ions and charges creates _____________. - answer✔✔polarization; an electrical potential. the further distance between the charges = - answer✔✔the more polarized . Therefore, the closer the distance between the ends results in: - answer✔✔depolarization The membrane potential refers to the _______________ of the cell. - answer✔✔inside If the membrane potential is -70 mV, this means: - answer✔✔that the inside (cytoplasm) is more negative than the extracellular environment. The difference in potential is found where on the cell? - answer✔✔at the membrane. NOT the cell as a whole. what ions cause the difference in potential found at the m embrane? - answer✔✔mostly Na+, but K+ too. Which way would K+ move if left to diffusion and the membrane where permeable? Na+? - answer✔✔Move from high to low concentration. So K+ would move to ECF and Na+ to the ICF. If there is 150mM Na+ and 5mM K+ out side the cell and 15mM Na+ and 150mM K+ inside, why would they not diffuse equally fast across the membrane? - answer✔✔If fully permeable, many more Na+ would move into the cell than K+ out d/t negative charge and lower concentration of Na+ inside the cell . EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM Na+ has an electrical and chemical gradient that is driving Na+ into the ICF. The positive Na+ will be highly attracted to the negative ICF. Additional force to pull Na+ in and retain K+. what is used to describe the forces affecting ion movement if allowed to become permeable to a membrane? - answer✔✔electrochemical gradient. Chemical gradients move from __________ concentration to __________. This makes them become: - answer✔✔high concentration to low conentration. becomes more random -- lower energy state. How to electrical gradients operate? - answer✔✔opposite charges attract, similar charges repel. This can set up a force to move charged particles. Potentials are charges that are separated by: They are measured in: - answer✔✔a membrane. volts or millivolts (mV) Resting membrane potential is the result of: - answer✔✔retained proteins within the cell and ions (mostly Na+ and K+) creating electrochemical gradients. This results in a relatively negative charge wit hin the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. Why does K+ not move as freely as Na+ with a fully permeable membrane? - answer✔✔K+ has a chemical gradient that favors its outflux into the ECF. However, an electrical gradient is present inside the cell that favors K+ to remain inside the cell. EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 30, 2024 11:26 AM What is an equilibrium potential? - answer✔✔a way to describe the voltage conditions necessary to counterbalance the chemical gradient forces of a given single ion so that equilibrium is established for that ion alone. movement in = movement out. example: what will it take voltage -wise (membrane potential) to balance out chemical diffusion for that ion. compare the equilibrium potentials between K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl -. - answer✔✔Na+ and Ca2+ have positive equilibrium p otentials. K+ and Cl - have negative ones. Moving a membrane potential from -70mV to -50mV would be characterized as a _______ polarizing event. - answer✔✔depolarizing. true/false: all depolarizations lead to action potentials. - answer✔✔FALSE. not all depolarizations lead to action potentials. action potential vs graded potential - answer✔✔action potentials have self -sustaining movements that are similar, and sustain movements of signals down a membrane. graded potentials are local, brief changes in membrane potentials that decrease over distance. They cause depolarization or hyperpolarization, but do not trigger a movement of signals. (magniture varies). An action potentials starts if a membrane is: - answer✔✔depolarized enough to trigger voltage -
gated ion channels. Na+ will cause this depolarization/voltage. What is the term for the minimum depolarization needed to form an action potential? - answer✔✔threshold.
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